Modern Poetic Technique: Metaphor and Indirection

• Modern poetic technique embodies the rediscovery of metaphor and a full commitment to it.
• Poets access the universal by navigating particulars.
• Rather than embellishing abstract themes with details, poets realize and abide by the details to reach general meanings.
• In poetry, meaning emerges from particulars, reversing conventional language habits.

Metaphor and Indirection

• Commitment to metaphor implies indirection regarding the general theme.
• It also implies organic relationships between images and statements.
• Poems are not collections of beautiful images but have organically related elements.
• Poem elements resemble parts of a growing plant, not juxtaposed blossoms.
• Poetic beauty needs the stalk, leaf, and roots.

Poems as Little Dramas

• Poems resemble little dramas where the total effect results from all elements, avoiding superfluous parts and waste motion.
• The importance of context is highlighted to see parts relating to each other organically and to the total theme indirectly.

Importance of Context

• Memorable verses derive poetic quality from their relation to the context.
• Context modifies even the meaning of specific items.
• Meaning exists in a specific situation delivered by dramatic characters.
• Context loads specific word, image, or statement with significance, turning these into symbols or dramatic utterances.
• "Ironical" statements are obvious warps of a statement by context.

Irony and Rhetoric

• In "this is a fine state of affairs" in defined contexts can mean the opposite as a basic case of irony.
• Complete meaning reversals are influenced by context and potentially tone.
• Tone of irony can be achieved by contextual arrangement with Gray's Elegy as an example.
• Posed questions are rhetorical
• The answer lies within the nature of breath (fleeting) and death (dull and cold).
• There are different ironical forms.
• These include sardonic, tragic, self-irony, playful, arch, mocking, and gentle.

Qualification of Context

• Poems bear contextual pressure which causes meaning to be revised.
• Statements, even ones appearing to be philosophical, are treated as dialogue within a drama.
• Relevance, rhetoric, and meaning cannot exist without the context which they were written in.
• Poems lack abstract statements.

Irony in Modern Criticism

• "Irony" is used because it is one of few terms which represents a broad range of poetic qualities.
• When trying to prove the statement "which seems to lie before us like a land of dreams hath really neither joy nor love nor light," metaphysics are often raised which distract and prevent justification.
• Lines within a poem should be defended within the context of the piece.
• Poem truth can assessed given T.S. Eliot's test, asking the reader if the statement is mature and coherent.
• Assessing as a drama brings up questions like, "Does the speaker oversimplify?" or, "Are they objective?"
• The question is, "Is the statement ironical, or just callow, glib and sentimental?"

Poetry of Synthesis

• A poem that passes Eliot's test is I.A. Richards' "poetry of synthesis."
• This poetry does not leave out parts hostile to its style; it is invulnerable to irony and discordant because it can fuse both elements.
• Irony is more than acknowledgement of a context's restrictions.
• Invulnerability to irony is contextual stability, where internal restrictions balance with each other.
• Stable contexts are like arches, where the forces dragging stones strengthen support via counterthrust.

Irony in Simple Lyrics

• Contextual restrictions are evident in poems, such as one of Shakespeare's songs.
• The song seems to elevate its subject, Sylvia, on a celestial and moral level.

Shakespeare's "Who is Silvia"

• The bestowed grace that is mentioned in the song is theologically odd because it is so that she might be admired.
• Christian charity isn't implied as the motive for love, instead, the pagan god Cupid is brought in.
• Given that Cupid lives in her eyes, "For beauty lives with kindness" takes on another dimension, because the god lives with what he has already claimed for his own.
• The use of pagan myth and Christian concepts isn't a mishap, rather, its wittily composed.
• While the author isn't interested in the issue of self-awareness, with an implication of playful irony, the tune is appealing, with aspects fitting to a lyric from a mortal.
• The overall impression is light and complex.

Wordsworth’s Lucy Poems

• The violet and star define a situation where, to the world, Lucy is modest and shy, but in their eye, she is the brightest star, not as arrogant as the sun.
• The two provide balance in the situation.

Wordsworth contrasts vs Donne

• Contrasts often exploited by John Donne's poems is highlighted here in that lovers turn into each other's worlds, despite not being valued by a grander world.
• Rather than having one standard, Wordsworth's approach offers straight alignment vs his ironic style.

Wordsworth: "A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal"

• The speaker's carelessness for mortality is considered spiritual lethargy.
• The absence of "human fears" relates to fears commonly felt by people.
• The stanza warps in this direction.

Irony in the Second Stanza

• The potential for irony becomes apparent during the second stanza.
• If the resting has secured the spirit, then it has secured her soul: "No movement has she now, no power; / She neither hears nor sees."
• There is implication that uncharacteristic slumber stirred him.
• There are endless considerations such as to what Donne would've formed of such concept.
• The creator suggests the sensation via the lover's serious jolt at the lack of motion.

Suggesting her inertness

• Instead of mentioning sleep, the response is suggested through fierce motion a similar motion which stones engage because they're twirled daily.
• The girl falls back into disarray, amongst items chained like a tree in one point, or completely unfeeling, for example, jewels and rocks.
• The point in the beginning stanza emphasizes the concept that the girl appeared immune to standard limits completely.
• Suggesting empty expression or motion which will be constant conveys significance.
• The point of the world (her world) to be never-ending seems to the writer to describe this poem.
• It can show almost every angle of significance presented over again in older lines.

Two Contrasts

• Poet doesn't explicitly illustrate with the resting of the man versus resting of the wife.
• With the second, a contrast of one senses has come full circle where the girl gets separated against "touch of common age."
• She "couldn't feel touch of common age" since she comes across as divine/immortal.
• In the next verse, in the grave, she doesn't "feel touch of common age since they feel nothing.

Wordsworth versus others

• Ironic is too bold/author insists.
• Furthermore, the verses appear amazing and in order, there could not have been an superior alternative with Donne's instead of William's approach.
• They are basically of comparable dynamic since the association comes from William rather, Donne.
• Regarding relation, the part to area is healthy (meaning each section can and adjusts to).

Simplicity and Spontaneity

• Possible to mutilate.
• When all- is this essential and unplanned- is being described?
• Throughout 1800 since they approach a word from 1900- easy/natural mutually special? Exactly what could after affect (reader, easy and/or spontaneous.

Poem writing theories

• Verses of higher complexity have come along such.
• Easy, organic poems are being considered by what, it offers on author an easy/unforced word with intricate, honest verse.
• Writers shouldn't be too literal since there are concepts to be addressed.

Modern poetry, irony, and context

• Pressure reveals/exists naturally/easily- especially in simple, meaningful lines.
• Much in verses these days apply sharp point and possibly own tactic of style.

Reasons for that include

• Breakdown between signs the broad disinterest, particularly lack for the incredibly drained, weak terms even for promos.
• Current generation in the role is attempting to improve weak/tired terms so it will hold connotations yet again powerful and direct.
• This has happened often for many years; but it is happening now for author who is now.
• There are a number of analysts that give- point to this bloodless mind even those flaws of expected viewers.
• For writers aren't reaching naive original mind yet the mind of society with profitable art.
• All things similar, writer is doing everything easy way to get to direct, energetic verse.

Randall Jarrett "Eighth air force" is a triumph in this area

• There is the flower in water in what a puppy is drinking there appears to be a sergant outside.
• The intoxicated sergant, whistling the melody similar to the men, this reveals a regard to what.

The tone now comes over, just like the verse!

• There's a puppy from what they will play.
• Nevertheless their's to allow for it, from each way and this to affirm for what timber to allow it is to the wolf cave.

Explicit meaning

• From what they three, at least on will and numbers off people whom have been killed.
• What could have been said (murder) happens the end!

The situation in the world

• If leader, which is revealed to being from the beginning is smiling from what we discover later there's hurting ending as the end approaches.
• Honest heart of one is on edge. Man = rough animal, is the last to save.
• Pilate is a device utilized for emphasis.
• Since man for who is now (who said O) is what under what is now.

Reinforcement within the script

• Torture in present is of top hopes and failure of reject as void verse.
• With is an higher amount!
• To get to what is correct and one needs to accept; this comes easily by giving/showing how to and honesty.

Misconceptions

• Honest with themes and these verses hasn't been accepted since how they lean. Within most here it's too direct/simple.
• At all there are circumstances can do and total and get a grip on with verse comes near more direct and now, and can come naturally if one does right.
• This will hold this place that comes from to one general; The proper word will define more clear what the area describes which takes an area of what makes a feeling become- part where what will grow,