Modern Physics Chapter 1 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What defines classical physics?

  • Includes theory of relativity
  • Only concerns thermodynamics
  • Includes quantum mechanics
  • Does not use quantum mechanics or relativity (correct)

What is the main aim of modern physics?

  • To understand interactions of matter (correct)
  • To prove classical mechanics
  • To simplify energy equations
  • To describe earlier physics models

What is the formula for classical kinetic energy?

K = ½mv²

What is the formula for classical momentum?

<p>p = mv</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is classical kinetic energy related to linear momentum?

<p>K = p² / 2m</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two fundamental conservation laws?

<p>Conservation of Energy and Conservation of Linear Momentum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following physical quantities with their definitions:

<p>Joule = 1 kg * m²/s² Newton = kg * m/s² Coulomb = 6.25 × 10¹⁸ electrons Watt = kg * m²<em>s⁻³ = J/s Ampere = C/s Henry = kg m² * s⁻² * A⁻² Tesla = N/(A</em>m)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between force and potential energy?

<p>F = dU/dx</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for total energy?

<p>E = U + K</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for angular momentum?

<p>L = r × p</p> Signup and view all the answers

Angular momentum is a conserved quantity that changes with external torque.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for classical velocity addition?

<p>v₁₃ = v₁₂ + v₂₃</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for Coulomb's force?

<p>F = (1/4πε₀)(|q₁||q₂|/r²)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the permittivity of free space represent?

<p>ε₀ = 8.85 x 10⁻¹² F/m</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for the magnetic field produced by a current?

<p>B = ½<em>µ₀</em>i*r⁻²</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the magnetic moment formula express?

<p>|µ| = iA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the SI unit of magnetic flux?

<p>Weber</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Classical Physics

Physics excluding quantum mechanics and relativity, primarily covering Newtonian mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism.

Modern Physics

Physics incorporating relativity and quantum theories to address phenomena classical physics can't explain.

Kinetic Energy

Energy an object possesses due to its motion, calculated as K = (1/2)mv^2.

Linear Momentum

Product of an object's mass and velocity, given by p = mv. It's a vector quantity.

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Conservation of Energy

States that in an isolated system, the total energy remains constant. Energy is neither created nor destroyed.

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Conservation of Linear Momentum

The total linear momentum of an isolated system remains constant if no external forces act on it.

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Joule (J)

The SI unit of energy, equivalent to 1 kg⋅m²/s².

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Newton (N)

The SI unit of force, equivalent to kg⋅m/s².

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Coulomb (C)

The SI unit of electric charge, equal to approximately 6.25 × 10¹⁸ electrons.

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Farad (F)

The SI unit of capacitance, equal to Q/V (charge/voltage).

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Watt (W)

The rate at which energy is transferred or converted, measured in joules per second (J/s) or N⋅m/s.

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Ampere (A)

The SI unit of electric current, equivalent to C/s (coulombs per second).

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Henry (H)

The SI unit of inductance with the definition: 1 H = kg⋅m²⋅s⁻²⋅A⁻².

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Tesla (T)

The SI unit of magnetic field strength, equal to N/(A⋅m) or N⋅A⁻¹⋅m⁻¹.

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Potential Energy (U)

Energy stored in a system due to its position or condition.

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Electron-Volt (eV)

The energy gained by an electron when it moves through a potential difference of one volt, approximately 1.609 × 10⁻¹⁹ J.

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Permeability of Free Space (μ₀)

The measure of resistance to the formation of a magnetic field in a vacuum.

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Study Notes

Classical and Modern Physics

  • Classical physics excludes quantum mechanics and relativity; it includes Newtonian mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism.
  • Modern physics, starting around 1900, addresses concepts insufficiently explained by classical physics, utilizing relativity and quantum theories.

Kinetic Energy and Momentum

  • Classical kinetic energy formula: ( K = \frac{1}{2}mv^2 ), where ( K ) is kinetic energy, ( m ) is mass, and ( v ) is velocity.
  • Linear momentum is defined as ( p = mv ), where ( p ) is momentum (vector quantity), and ( v ) is velocity.
  • Kinetic energy can also be expressed in terms of linear momentum: ( K = \frac{p^2}{2m} ).

Fundamental Conservation Laws

  • Conservation of Energy: In an isolated system, total energy remains constant; energy before a collision equals energy after.
  • Conservation of Linear Momentum: Total linear momentum of an isolated system is constant; momentum before equals momentum after in collisions.

Units and Measurements

  • Joule (J): ( 1 , \text{J} = 1 , \text{kg} \cdot \text{m}^2/\text{s}^2 )
  • Newton (N): ( 1 , \text{N} = \text{kg} \cdot \text{m/s}^2 )
  • Coulomb (C): ( 1 , \text{C} = 6.25 \times 10^{18} ) electrons
  • Farad (F): Capacitance, ( 1 , \text{F} = Q/V )
  • Watt (W): Power, ( 1 , \text{W} = \text{J/s} = \text{N} \cdot \text{m/s} )
  • Ampere (A): ( 1 , \text{A} = C/s )
  • Henry (H): ( 1 , \text{H} = \text{kg} \cdot \text{m}^2 \cdot \text{s}^{-2} \cdot \text{A}^{-2} )
  • Tesla (T): ( 1 , \text{T} = N/(A \cdot m) = N \cdot A^{-1} \cdot m^{-1} )

Potential Energy and Forces

  • Force related to potential energy: ( F = \frac{dU}{dx} ), where ( U ) is potential energy.
  • Total energy of a system: ( E = U + K ), combining potential and kinetic energies.

Angular Momentum

  • Angular momentum formula: ( L = r \times p ), where ( L ) is angular momentum, ( r ) is displacement vector, and ( p ) is linear momentum vector.
  • Conservation of angular momentum states that this quantity remains constant unless acted upon by external torque.

Electrostatics

  • Coulomb's law: ( F = \frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0} \frac{|q_1||q_2|}{r^2} ), relates force between charged particles.
  • Permittivity of free space ( \varepsilon_0 = 8.85 \times 10^{-12} , \text{F/m} ); dielectric constant given by ( \varepsilon_r = \frac{\varepsilon_s}{\varepsilon_0} ).
  • Potential energy related to Coulomb force: ( U = \frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0} \frac{q_1q_2}{r} ).

Electrical Potential

  • Potential difference definition: ( \Delta V = \frac{\Delta U}{q} ), measuring energy change per charge between two points.

Electron-Volt

  • An electron-volt (eV) is the energy gained by an electron moving through a potential difference of one volt; ( 1 , \text{eV} \approx 1.609 \times 10^{-19} , \text{J} ).

Magnetic Concepts

  • Magnetic flux unit: Weber (Wb), causing one volt in a circuit under specific conditions.
  • Permeability of free space ( \mu_0 = 4\pi \times 10^{-7} , \text{H} ); measures resistance to magnetic field formation in vacuum.
  • Magnetic field from a current: ( B = \frac{1}{2} \mu_0 i r^{-2} ).
  • Magnetic moment: ( |µ| = iA ), where ( A ) is the area of a closed loop.

Additional Calculations

  • Electrostatic potential energies can be calculated using known constants and adjusting for atomic or nuclear scales.

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