Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are genes composed of?
What are genes composed of?
DNA
Name two processes that DNA is responsible for.
Name two processes that DNA is responsible for.
Passing genetic information from generation to generation, DNA controls the manufacture of enzymes.
What is the long chain of units that make up a DNA molecule?
What is the long chain of units that make up a DNA molecule?
nucleotides
What are the four different nitrogenous bases of DNA?
What are the four different nitrogenous bases of DNA?
What is the sugar in DNA?
What is the sugar in DNA?
What is the sugar in RNA?
What is the sugar in RNA?
What does the phosphate group in DNA nucleotides contain?
What does the phosphate group in DNA nucleotides contain?
According to Watson and Crick, DNA molecules are shaped like a?
According to Watson and Crick, DNA molecules are shaped like a?
What is the twisted ladder structure of DNA called?
What is the twisted ladder structure of DNA called?
How are nitrogen bases attached to each other in a DNA molecule?
How are nitrogen bases attached to each other in a DNA molecule?
According to the rule for DNA base pairing, which bases may be paired together?
According to the rule for DNA base pairing, which bases may be paired together?
Why are daughter cells identical to parent cells after reproduction?
Why are daughter cells identical to parent cells after reproduction?
What is it called when DNA makes exact copies of itself?
What is it called when DNA makes exact copies of itself?
When does DNA replication occur?
When does DNA replication occur?
RNA contains the nitrogen base ________________________ instead of thymine.
RNA contains the nitrogen base ________________________ instead of thymine.
One difference between DNA and RNA is that: DNA is ______________________-stranded, while RNA is ____________________-stranded.
One difference between DNA and RNA is that: DNA is ______________________-stranded, while RNA is ____________________-stranded.
Name the three kinds of RNA.
Name the three kinds of RNA.
Mutations result from abnormal sequences of?
Mutations result from abnormal sequences of?
What is the relationship between proteins and DNA?
What is the relationship between proteins and DNA?
Traits are encoded in what parts of DNA?
Traits are encoded in what parts of DNA?
If traits are similar, so are?
If traits are similar, so are?
The separation of DNA occurs at weak?
The separation of DNA occurs at weak?
Separation of DNA leads to its?
Separation of DNA leads to its?
What is the base pairing rule?
What is the base pairing rule?
DNA of parents should be similar to their?
DNA of parents should be similar to their?
Chromosomes are made of?
Chromosomes are made of?
Genes are determined by the _________ of molecular bases.
Genes are determined by the _________ of molecular bases.
What does the sequence of bases determine?
What does the sequence of bases determine?
The base sequence also determines the production of _________ or _________.
The base sequence also determines the production of _________ or _________.
Proteins are made from _____________ put together in a certain ______________ at the _____________.
Proteins are made from _____________ put together in a certain ______________ at the _____________.
Why are X rays dangerous?
Why are X rays dangerous?
Put in order from largest to smallest: chromosome, nucleus, gene.
Put in order from largest to smallest: chromosome, nucleus, gene.
Why do siblings look alike?
Why do siblings look alike?
When does crossing over occur?
When does crossing over occur?
What sex chromosomes do sperm carry?
What sex chromosomes do sperm carry?
What sex chromosomes do eggs carry?
What sex chromosomes do eggs carry?
If a male has a genetic disease, how many sex chromosomes are affected?___________ If a female has a genetic disease, how many chromosomes must be affected?__________
If a male has a genetic disease, how many sex chromosomes are affected?___________ If a female has a genetic disease, how many chromosomes must be affected?__________
What are the components of a nucleotide?
What are the components of a nucleotide?
What are the building blocks of DNA and RNA?
What are the building blocks of DNA and RNA?
Put the following in order in terms of increasing size: DNA, nucleotide, nucleus, nucleotide base, chromosome.
Put the following in order in terms of increasing size: DNA, nucleotide, nucleus, nucleotide base, chromosome.
Individuality is determined by the ____________________ of DNA.
Individuality is determined by the ____________________ of DNA.
What nucleotide pairs will 'unzip' in a DNA molecule?
What nucleotide pairs will 'unzip' in a DNA molecule?
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Study Notes
Genetics Overview
- Genes consist of DNA, which is a chemical compound fundamental to heredity.
- DNA passes genetic information across generations and controls enzyme production.
DNA Structure
- DNA is composed of long chains of nucleotides.
- The four nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).
- The sugar component in DNA is deoxyribose, a 5-carbon sugar; RNA contains ribose.
Molecular Details
- DNA nucleotides include a phosphate group made of phosphorus and oxygen.
- Watson and Crick proposed that DNA has a twisted ladder structure known as a double helix.
- The rungs of the ladder (nitrogen bases) are connected by weak hydrogen bonds.
Base Pairing Rules
- Adenine pairs with thymine (A-T) and guanine pairs with cytosine (G-C).
- In RNA, uracil (U) replaces thymine and pairs with adenine (A-U).
Cellular Processes
- DNA undergoes replication, creating exact copies of itself during mitosis and meiosis.
- Each daughter cell inherits identical DNA from the parent cell.
RNA Functionality
- Three types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
- The sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA determines the genetic code for proteins and traits.
Genetic Stability and Variation
- Mutations arise from changes in nucleotide sequences, potentially altering traits and protein production.
- DNA from parents is similar to that of their offspring, reinforcing hereditary patterns.
Cellular Organization
- Chromosomes, composed of DNA, contain genes determined by the sequence of molecular bases.
- The hierarchy of genetic material from largest to smallest is: nucleus, chromosome, gene.
Reproduction and Traits
- Siblings resemble each other due to shared DNA inherited from both parents.
- Crossing over, which increases genetic diversity, occurs during meiosis.
Sex Chromosomes and Inheritance
- Males have X and Y sex chromosomes, while females have two X chromosomes.
- A male may show a recessive genetic disease if one X chromosome is affected; a female requires both X chromosomes to be affected.
Nucleotide Structure
- A nucleotide comprises deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (A, T, C, or G).
- Nucleotides are the fundamental building blocks of both DNA and RNA.
Genetic Size Scale
- In increasing order of size: nucleotide base, nucleotide, DNA, chromosome, nucleus.
Individual Genetic Identity
- Individual characteristics and traits stem from the unique base sequence of an individual's DNA.
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