Models of the Universe and Aristotle's Motion

A model of the universe where Earth is at the center and all other celestial bodies revolve around it.

Ancient civilizations used the sky to tell time, navigate, and plan agriculture.

The Egyptians created a 365-day calendar based on the movement of Sirius, which coincided with the Nile's annual flooding.

The pyramids of Giza align with the four cardinal directions (North, South, East, West) and the constellation Orion's belt.

Stonehenge, an ancient structure in England, was likely used for observing eclipses and the alignment of the sun during solstices.

Chichen Itza, a Mayan pyramid in Mexico, has windows that allow sunlight to create illusions during equinoxes, such as the appearance of a serpent on the stairs.

A model of the universe where the Sun is at the center and all other celestial bodies, including Earth, revolve around it.

The region beyond the asteroid belt containing Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

A region beyond the orbit of Neptune containing small icy bodies.

A celestial body that orbits the sun, but lacks enough gravity to clear its orbital path of other objects.

An imaginary sphere surrounding Earth, used to map the position of celestial bodies.

The point where Earth's rotational axis intersects the celestial sphere in the north.

The point where Earth's rotational axis intersects the celestial sphere in the south.

The projection of Earth's equator onto the celestial sphere.

The apparent path the sun traces across the celestial sphere over a year.

Points on the ecliptic where the sun is farthest from the celestial equator.

The point on the ecliptic where the sun reaches its northernmost position above the celestial equator.

A theory where the Sun is not at the center of the Universe, instead, planets and heavenly bodies move around a 'FIRE' located at the center of the Universe.

Aristarchus proposed the first heliocentric model, where the sun and known planets revolve around a 'Central Fire' at the center of the cosmos.

A model of the Universe where Earth is the center and the Sun and Moon revolve around it, while other planets orbit the Sun.

Galileo observed that the Moon's surface is not smooth, but has mountains and craters, contradicting the prevailing belief of a perfect celestial body.

Galileo discovered that Venus exhibits phases similar to the Moon, which is only possible if Venus orbits the Sun, supporting the heliocentric model.

Galileo detected four moons orbiting Jupiter, proving that celestial bodies do not always revolve around the Earth.

Galileo's observation that the Milky Way is not just a band of light, but composed of countless stars, broadened our understanding of the universe.

The central star of our solar system, around which planets revolve.

The bodies orbiting the Sun, categorized into inner rocky planets and outer gas giants.

A collision where both kinetic energy and momentum are conserved. Imagine a perfectly bouncy ball hitting the floor and bouncing back up with the same energy.

A collision where kinetic energy is not conserved. Think of a car crash or a clay ball hitting a wall. Some energy is lost as heat or sound.

A type of elastic collision where objects interact without direct contact, like a planet's gravity pulling a spacecraft.

A collision in which the projectile hits the target at an angle, resulting in a change in direction depending on the mass of the objects involved.

A type of elastic collision where the projectile moves in a straight line and hits the target directly, causing the target to move in the same direction as the projectile.

The idea that the total mass of a closed system remains constant, even during chemical reactions. Mass is neither created nor destroyed, only transformed.

A brief, simultaneous interaction between two or more objects, where forces exchange energy and momentum.

The total energy of an isolated system remains constant. Energy can be transformed from one form to another but isn't created or destroyed.

Describes the relationship between mass and energy. Mass can be converted into energy and vice versa, but the total mass-energy of a system is conserved.

A system in which no mass or energy enters or leaves. This is important because these laws only apply within closed, isolated systems.

The total momentum of a system remains constant, even during collisions. The combined momentum before the collision equals the combined momentum after the collision.

The measure of an object's motion, taking into account its mass and velocity. Momentum is a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction.

A force applied over a period of time. It's a measure of the change in an object's momentum.