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Questions and Answers
What is the formula for calculating the magnification of a drawing?
How is the precision of an instrument determined?
Which characteristic is NOT required for a good table presentation?
What should be the precision of calculated values in relation to raw data?
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Which of the following statements about the presentation of data is accurate?
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What color indicates the presence of large amounts of reducing sugars in a solution?
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What is the first step of the Biuret test for proteins?
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What observation confirms the presence of fats during the ethanol emulsion test?
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What color change does cobalt chloride paper undergo when it comes into contact with water vapor?
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What color does hydrogencarbonate indicator solution turn in an acidic environment?
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What happens to a solution if proteins are absent during the Biuret test?
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What final observation indicates a trace amount of reducing sugars is present?
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What is the result of the iodine test when starch is present in leaves?
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What is the purpose of using a hand lens with at least 6 magnification in physiological experiments?
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Which of the following tasks involves using manipulative skills?
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During Benedict's test, what should you do after mixing the unknown solution with Benedict's solution?
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What is the expected observation if starch is absent when performing the iodine test?
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Which tool is NOT typically used for making measurements in physiological experiments?
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What do clear line drawings of biological specimens require?
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In the context of physiological experiments, what does 'MMO' stand for?
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What should be done first when preparing for Benedict's test?
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Which method is suitable for presenting the number of fruitlets per fruit?
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What is the main purpose of using petroleum jelly on the leaves in the transpiration study?
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What technique can be employed to find the values from a graph accurately?
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How many fruitlets were recorded in the range of 70 - 79?
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What kind of data presentation would help analyze the transpiration rate effectively?
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What is the correct way to read values from a graph for accuracy?
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What was the total number of fruits collected to analyze the number of fruitlets?
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What aspect does the gradient of a graph typically illustrate?
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What is the purpose of having control set-ups in experiments?
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What should the measured variable be based on when conducting an experiment?
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Which method is recommended for presenting experimental findings effectively?
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When planning an experiment, which factor is least likely to be a constant variable?
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What safety precaution should be taken when using a scalpel in an experiment?
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Study Notes
MMO - Manipulation, Measurement & Observation
- Candidates may be asked to perform simple physiological experiments, which include testing for food substances, observing enzyme reactions, using hydrogencarbonate indicator solution, cobalt(II) chloride paper, and more.
- These experiments may involve using sharp instruments on plant or animal materials, requiring a hand lens of at least 6x magnification for each student.
- Candidates will need to demonstrate manipulative skills in assembling apparatus, using chemical reagents, and handling instruments like mounted needles, scalpels, razor blades, forceps, and scissors.
- They must be able to take precise measurements using various instruments, including thermometers, syringes, measuring cylinders, and rulers, and perform simple arithmetical calculations.
- Candidates should be familiar with various techniques for recording observations and drawing deductions.
- They will be expected to recognize and observe features of both familiar and unfamiliar biological specimens, record their observations, and make deductions about the functions of the whole specimens or their parts.
- Clear line drawings of specimens are required, indicating magnification and labeling familiar structures.
MMO - Physiological Experiments - Food Tests
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Benedict’s Test: Used to detect reducing sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose, lactose).
- A brick-red precipitate indicates a large amount of reducing sugar, while orange/yellow indicates a moderate amount, and a green precipitate indicates a trace amount.
- A blue solution indicates the absence of reducing sugars.
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Iodine Test: Used to detect starch.
- A blue-black color change indicates the presence of starch, while a yellowish-brown color indicates its absence.
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Biuret Test: Used to detect proteins.
- A violet color indicates the presence of proteins, while a blue solution indicates their absence.
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Ethanol emulsion test: Used to detect fats.
- A white emulsion indicates the presence of fats, while a clear/colorless solution indicates their absence.
MMO - Physiological Experiment - Use of Visking Tubing
- This experiment typically aims to demonstrate the movement of substances across a semi-permeable membrane, such as the movement of water from a high concentration to a lower concentration (osmosis).
MMO - Physiological Experiment - Test for presence of starch in leaves
- This experiment typically demonstrates the process of photosynthesis where leaves produce starch (carbohydrate) in the presence of sunlight.
- It typically involves comparing the color changes of a leaf after boiling in water (to break down cell structure), treating with ethanol (to remove chlorophyll), and then applying iodine solution.
MMO - Physiological Experiment - Hydrogencarbonate Indicator Solution
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Hydrogencarbonate indicator solution changes color depending on the acidity or alkalinity of the solution.
- It turns yellow in acidic conditions, red in neutral conditions, and purple in alkaline conditions.
- This experiment typically demonstrates the production of carbon dioxide during respiration.
- Leaves are placed in a container with hydrogencarbonate indicator solution, and the color shift is observed.
MMO - Physiological Experiment - Cobalt Chloride paper
- Cobalt chloride paper turns from blue to pink when exposed to water vapor.
- This experiment typically demonstrates the process of transpiration, where water is lost from the leaves.
MMO - Magnification
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Magnification: The ratio of the size of the drawing to the size of the actual specimen.
- Magnification = Length of drawing (mm) / Length of specimen (mm)
- The result should be expressed to one decimal place.
PDO - Presentation of Data & Observations
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Table: Tables are used to present data in an organized and structured way.
- The independent (changed) variable should be in the leftmost column, with subsequent columns showing the dependent (measured) variables.
- Each column heading must include both the quantity being measured and the units, using solidus (backslash) notation.
- The unit should not be included in the table body.
- Readings recorded must have the correct precision.
PDO - Calculations
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Common calculations:
- Calculating the mean (average)
- Determining the difference between initial and final readings
- Calculating percentages
- Finding the reciprocal of a value (e.g., 1/t)
- Show calculations in full, making them explicit and easy to follow.
- Calculated values should not be more accurate than the raw data used to obtain them.
- Calculated data should be presented consistently, ensuring the number of decimal places is consistent.
- Decrease in length should be indicated with a negative (-) value, and increase in length with a positive (+) value to ensure the graph is plotted accurately.
ACE - Analysis, Conclusions & Evaluation
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Analysis of data: Analyzing data presented graphically:
- Reading values directly from the graph.
- Finding the gradient of the graph.
- Finding the intercepts of the graph.
- Procedure: The procedure should be clearly described, including how the data will be collected and used to reach a conclusion.
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Planning template:
- Aim of experiment: Clearly state the purpose of the experiment.
- Changed variable: Identify the variable being manipulated.
- Measured variable: Identify the variable being measured.
- Constant variables: List any variables kept constant during the experiment.
- Control: Identify any control setup used for comparison.
- Results: Describe how the data will be interpreted, including any calculations needed, and how the findings will be presented (e.g., table, graph).
- Risk(s) and Precaution(s): Identify any potential safety hazards and the precautions to be taken to ensure safety.
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Description
This quiz assesses your ability to perform physiological experiments, focusing on manipulation, measurement, and observation techniques. Expect questions involving the use of various instruments and reagents, as well as the skills needed for accurate measurement and observation of biological materials. Sharpen your practical skills and knowledge in the laboratory setting to excel in this topic.
