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Questions and Answers
What is the chemical formula for D-Glucose?
What is the chemical formula for D-Glucose?
Which of the following statements is true regarding hexoses?
Which of the following statements is true regarding hexoses?
Which monosaccharide is known as blood sugar in the body?
Which monosaccharide is known as blood sugar in the body?
What is the main dietary source of Galactose?
What is the main dietary source of Galactose?
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What is the significance of D-Fructose in nutrition?
What is the significance of D-Fructose in nutrition?
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What condition is caused by the inability to convert galactose to glucose?
What condition is caused by the inability to convert galactose to glucose?
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How are disaccharides structurally formed?
How are disaccharides structurally formed?
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Which of the following is NOT a nutritional hexose?
Which of the following is NOT a nutritional hexose?
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What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?
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How are carbohydrates classified based on the number of sugar units?
How are carbohydrates classified based on the number of sugar units?
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Which type of carbohydrate cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler forms?
Which type of carbohydrate cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler forms?
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Which of the following is an example of a pentose monosaccharide?
Which of the following is an example of a pentose monosaccharide?
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What type of bond links monosaccharides together in disaccharides?
What type of bond links monosaccharides together in disaccharides?
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Which statement about aldoses and ketoses is correct?
Which statement about aldoses and ketoses is correct?
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What type of bond links the monosaccharides in disaccharides?
What type of bond links the monosaccharides in disaccharides?
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Which of the following disaccharides is exclusively found in the milk of mammals?
Which of the following disaccharides is exclusively found in the milk of mammals?
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What is the general formula for carbohydrates in terms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen?
What is the general formula for carbohydrates in terms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen?
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Which enzyme specifically cleaves sucrose into glucose and fructose?
Which enzyme specifically cleaves sucrose into glucose and fructose?
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Which monosaccharide is an example of a triose?
Which monosaccharide is an example of a triose?
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Which statement regarding maltose is true?
Which statement regarding maltose is true?
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How is lactose hydrolyzed in humans?
How is lactose hydrolyzed in humans?
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Which of the following correctly describes oligosaccharides?
Which of the following correctly describes oligosaccharides?
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What percentage of total carbohydrates does lactose contribute to a typical diet?
What percentage of total carbohydrates does lactose contribute to a typical diet?
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Which of the following statements about ribose and deoxyribose is correct?
Which of the following statements about ribose and deoxyribose is correct?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates: Chemistry Overview
- Carbohydrates (CHO) are the primary energy source in the diet, comprising 48% of caloric needs.
- The hydrogen to oxygen ratio in most CHOs is 1:2:1.
- CHOs are a group of organic compounds.
Carbohydrate Functions
- Supply energy for bodily functions, Glucose is the primary fuel for cells.
- Serve as energy storage (e.g., starch, glycogen).
- Component of glycolipids and glycoproteins, crucial for membrane structure and functions like cell growth, adhesion, and fertilization.
- Involved in the synthesis of fatty acids and amino acids, as well as the complete oxidation of fats.
- Ribose sugar is a component of RNA.
Carbohydrate Classification
- Classified based on the number of sugar units.
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Monosaccharides: Single sugar units, not hydrolyzable into simpler carbohydrates.
- Triose: 3 carbon atoms (e.g., glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone).
- Pentose: 5 carbon atoms (e.g., ribose, ribulose).
- Hexose: 6 carbon atoms (e.g., glucose, fructose).
- Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides linked together. Bonds are called glycosidic linkages.
- Oligosaccharides: 3 to 10 monosaccharides linked together.
- Polysaccharides: Polymers of monosaccharides.
Monosaccharides: Aldoses and Ketoses
- Aldoses: Contain an aldehyde group.
- Ketoses: Contain a ketone group.
Hexoses
- Contain 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms (C6H12O6).
- Can exist in either aldo or keto forms.
- Nutritionally important hexoses include glucose, galactose, mannose, and fructose.
Examples of Common Monosaccharides
- Glucose: Found in fruits, corn syrup, and honey; also known as blood sugar (70-120 mg/dL in the blood); a major component of di- and polysaccharides
- Fructose: The sweetest carbohydrate; found in fruit juices and honey; a component of sucrose.
- Galactose: Not a naturally occurring monosaccharide; part of lactose (milk sugar).
Examples of Disaccharides
- Maltose: Composed of two glucose molecules; formed during starch digestion.
- Lactose: Composed of glucose and galactose; the primary sugar in milk.
- Sucrose: Composed of glucose and fructose; commonly obtained from sugarcane and sugar beets.
Important Note on Galactosemia
- Infants with galactosemia lack the enzyme to convert galactose to glucose, resulting in toxicity, mental retardation, and liver damage. Treatment involves removing milk and lactose from the diet.
Oligosaccharides—Important Pentoses
- Ribose and deoxyribose are structural components of nucleic acids and coenzymes (e.g., ATP, NAD).
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