ملاحظات دراسة التشريح والفسيولوجيا

Anatomy and Physiology Study Notes

• Histology: The study of tissues
• Cytology: The study of cells
• Gross Anatomy: The study of the body's structures as observed with the naked eye
• Embryology: The study of development from a single cell to a full individual
• Organelles: Structures within cells that carry out specific functions
• Cells: Basic units of life
• Tissues: Groups of cells with similar structure and function
• Organs: Structures composed of different tissues that work together for a specific function
• Systems: Groups of organs that work together to perform a complex function.

Specific Organ Systems

• Respiratory System:
  • Function: Gas exchange
  • Parts: Lungs, trachea, bronchi, alveoli
• Cardiovascular System:
  • Function: Circulation of blood
  • Parts: Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
• Digestive System:
  • Function: Digestion and absorption of nutrients
  • Parts: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines (small and large), liver, pancreas
• Urinary System:
  • Function: Removal of waste products from the blood
  • Parts: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
• Nervous System:
  • Function: Control and coordination of body functions
  • Parts: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, neurons
• Skeletal System:
  • Function: Support, protection, movement
  • Parts: Bones, cartilage, ligaments
• Muscular System:
  • Function: Movement, support, heat production
  • Parts: Muscles (smooth, cardiac, skeletal)
• Endocrine System:
  • Function: Regulation of body functions via hormones
  • Parts: Glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas)
• Integumentary System:
  • Function: Protection, temperature regulation
  • Parts: Skin, hair, nails
• Reproductive System:
  • Function: Reproduction
  • Parts: Male and female reproductive organs

Additional Concepts

• Homeostasis: The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment
• Metabolism: The chemical processes involved in maintaining life
• Respiration: The exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
• Circulation: The movement of blood throughout the body
• Digestion: The breakdown of food into simpler substances for absorption
• Excretion: The removal of waste products from the body
• Reproduction: The process of producing offspring
• Growth: An increase in the size and/or complexity of an organism
• Types of Tissues: Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

تقدم هذه الملاحظات نظرة شاملة على التشريح والفسيولوجيا بما في ذلك دراسة الأنسجة والخلايا وأعضاء الجسم. يتم تسليط الضوء على أنظمة الأعضاء المختلفة مثل الجهاز التنفسي والدوري والهضمي. إنها مثالية للطلاب الذين يرغبون في فهم الأسس العلمية لعلم الأحياء.