Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the three components that make up the cardiovascular system?
What are the three components that make up the cardiovascular system?
Blood, heart, and blood vessels.
Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
- Maintenance of homeostasis
- Production of hormones (correct)
- Distribution of heat
- Transportation of nutrients
What is the name of the fluid portion of blood?
What is the name of the fluid portion of blood?
Plasma
What are the three major groups of plasma proteins?
What are the three major groups of plasma proteins?
Match each plasma protein with its primary function:
Match each plasma protein with its primary function:
Erythrocytes are the smallest cell type found in the human body.
Erythrocytes are the smallest cell type found in the human body.
What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
What is the name of the protein responsible for carrying oxygen in erythrocytes?
What is the name of the protein responsible for carrying oxygen in erythrocytes?
What is the name of the process by which the body produces new blood cells?
What is the name of the process by which the body produces new blood cells?
Which of the following is NOT a location where hematopoiesis occurs?
Which of the following is NOT a location where hematopoiesis occurs?
What is the name of the hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis?
What is the name of the hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis?
What is the name of the process by which the body forms a blood clot?
What is the name of the process by which the body forms a blood clot?
Which of the following is NOT a step involved in hemostasis?
Which of the following is NOT a step involved in hemostasis?
What is the function of von Willebrand factor in hemostasis?
What is the function of von Willebrand factor in hemostasis?
Which of the following is NOT a common pathway involved in the coagulation cascade?
Which of the following is NOT a common pathway involved in the coagulation cascade?
What is the name of the process that breaks down a blood clot?
What is the name of the process that breaks down a blood clot?
Which of the following is NOT a common anticoagulant?
Which of the following is NOT a common anticoagulant?
The ABO blood group system is based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells.
The ABO blood group system is based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells.
Which blood type is considered the universal donor?
Which blood type is considered the universal donor?
The Rh factor is a protein present on red blood cells, and people who have the Rh factor are considered Rh positive.
The Rh factor is a protein present on red blood cells, and people who have the Rh factor are considered Rh positive.
What is a transfusion reaction, and what can it lead to?
What is a transfusion reaction, and what can it lead to?
Which of the following is NOT a potential complication of an unsuccessful blood transfusion?
Which of the following is NOT a potential complication of an unsuccessful blood transfusion?
Flashcards
Cardiovascular System Components
Cardiovascular System Components
The cardiovascular system is comprised of blood, heart, and blood vessels. Blood is the transport medium.
Blood's Primary Function
Blood's Primary Function
Delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells and removing wastes.
Blood Functions Beyond Transport
Blood Functions Beyond Transport
Defends the body against infection, regulates temperature, and maintains homeostasis (chemical balance).
Blood Composition-Plasma
Blood Composition-Plasma
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Plasma Proteins-Functions
Plasma Proteins-Functions
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Blood Composition-Formed Elements
Blood Composition-Formed Elements
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Hemoglobin-Structure & Function
Hemoglobin-Structure & Function
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Hematocrit
Hematocrit
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White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
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Platelets
Platelets
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Study Notes
The Cardiovascular System: Blood
- Blood is a connective tissue composed of cells, protein fibers, and an extracellular matrix.
- Blood delivers nutrients and removes waste from cells.
- Blood transports hormones, and other substances.
- Blood is crucial for maintaining homeostasis, including temperature regulation and pH balance.
- Blood volume for adults averages 5 liters.
- Blood plasma makes up about 55% of blood volume.
Composition of Blood
- Water (92%) constitutes the majority of plasma.
- Plasma proteins (7%) include albumins (transporting lipids and hormones), globulins (transporting substances), and fibrinogen (blood clotting).
- Other solutes (<1%) include electrolytes, nutrients, gases, and wastes.
Formed Elements
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells): Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- Leukocytes (white blood cells): Immune system cells, protecting against pathogens, such as bacteria.
- Platelets (thrombocytes): Small cell fragments that aid in blood clotting.
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
- Erythrocytes are biconcave discs maximizing surface area-to-volume ratio for efficient gas exchange.
- They lack nuclei and most organelles, increasing space for hemoglobin.
- Hemoglobin (a protein complex with iron) binds oxygen for transport.
- Hemoglobin releases oxygen where it's needed.
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
- Leukocytes are part of the body's defense system.
- They are complete cells with organelles and nuclei.
- They travel in the bloodstream and can leave to fight infection in tissues.
- Granulocytes and agranulocytes are two main types based on presence of granules.
- Granulocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Each defends against a specific pathogen.
- Agranulocytes include monocytes and lymphocytes. Monocytes differentiate into macrophages for immune function. Lymphocytes are involved in immune responses.
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
- Platelets are cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes (cells in the bone marrow).
- They assist in blood clotting (hemostasis) by clumping at injured sites.
- Platelets release clotting factors.
Blood Production (Hematopoiesis)
- Begins in red bone marrow of bones.
- Hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into multiple blood cell types.
- Erythropoiesis (RBC production) is stimulated by erythropoietin (EPO), produced by kidneys, in response to low oxygen levels.
- Thrombopoiesis (platelet production) is stimulated by thrombopoietin, mostly produced by the liver.
- Leukopoiesis (WBC production) is primarily stimulated by various cytokines.
Hemostasis
- The process for stopping bleeding.
- Three phases include (1) vascular spasm for immediate vasoconstriction, (2) platelet plug formation for initial clot formation, (3) blood clotting (coagulation) by conversion of blood protein fibrinogen into a fibrin clot for reinforcement.
Blood Typing
- ABO blood type is determined by surface antigens (A, B) on red blood cells.
- Antibodies in plasma attack non-matching antigens.
- Rh factor (presence or absence) influences blood type (positive/negative).
- Blood type compatibility is essential during transfusions to avoid agglutination and hemolysis.
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