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Questions and Answers

What is the primary immunomodulatory effect of curcumin as mentioned in the content?

  • Decreases bone formation
  • Modulates activation of immune cells (correct)
  • Enhances oxidative stress
  • Increases inflammatory cytokines
  • How does curcumin contribute to bone formation?

  • By activating osteoclasts
  • By reducing the level of alkaline phosphatase
  • By promoting osteoblast proliferation (correct)
  • By inhibiting the expression of bone-related genes
  • What is the most significant property of thymoquinone (TQ) in Nigella sativa seeds?

  • Increasing nitric oxide production
  • Enhancing lipid peroxidation
  • Scavenging reactive oxygen species (correct)
  • Activating nuclear factor-kappa B
  • What role does oxidative stress play in osteoporosis as per the content?

    <p>Reduces bone mineral density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does thymoquinone (TQ) exert its anti-inflammatory effects?

    <p>By inhibiting the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common risk factors for osteoporosis are associated with oxidative stress?

    <p>Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism of action does thymoquinone (TQ) utilize in bone protection?

    <p>Scavenges superoxides and protects against oxidative stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme's activity is suppressed by thymoquinone (TQ) to reduce inflammation?

    <p>Lipoxygenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible consequence of taking more than the recommended dose of acetaminophen?

    <p>Liver damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of using NSAIDs for osteoarthritis pain relief?

    <p>They relieve pain effectively at recommended doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Duloxetine (Cymbalta) play in the treatment of osteoarthritis?

    <p>It is an antidepressant used to treat chronic pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What procedure involves injecting medications directly into a joint?

    <p>Cortisone injections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of receiving cortisone injections for osteoarthritis?

    <p>They can worsen joint damage if overused</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option may provide cushioning in the knee joint?

    <p>Hyaluronic acid injections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can be equally effective as physical therapy for osteoarthritis management?

    <p>Gentle exercise such as swimming or walking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is rheumatoid arthritis primarily characterized?

    <p>It is a chronic, inflammatory, systemic autoimmune disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fracture is associated with compression in the back?

    <p>Compression fractures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test measures bone mineral density?

    <p>Bone mineral density test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by a loss of bone mass and density?

    <p>Osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the methods to investigate bone health?

    <p>Lumbosacral spine x-ray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor causing bone loss?

    <p>Hormonal changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a bone biopsy involve?

    <p>Taking a tissue sample from the bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is part of cranial bone growth?

    <p>Intramembranous ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drake, Richard, and others are associated with which publication?

    <p>Gray's Anatomy for Students</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functions is NOT a function of bone?

    <p>Production of hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the bone matrix?

    <p>Collagen fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells is responsible for bone resorption?

    <p>Osteoclasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is crucial for regulating calcium levels in bones?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone classification is based on the shape?

    <p>Long and short bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by weakened bones due to loss of bone density?

    <p>Osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following dietary components can help manage osteoporosis?

    <p>Calcium-rich foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition affects the curvature of the spine?

    <p>Scoliosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone is primarily responsible for the production of blood cells?

    <p>Trabecular bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis that distinguishes it from other types of arthritis?

    <p>It is caused by an autoimmune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is essential for calcium absorption and bone health?

    <p>Vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk factor for developing osteoarthritis?

    <p>Age and joint wear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>Weight gain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of osteoporosis?

    <p>Joint stiffness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which joints does rheumatoid arthritis first commonly manifest?

    <p>The small joints in the middle of the fingers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to physical disabilities in severe cases of rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>Bone erosion and joint deformities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of antioxidants in bone health?

    <p>Reduce oxidative stress in bone tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>Genetics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is a risk factor for developing gout?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of late-stage rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>Major joint damage and deformity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the body is least likely to be affected by inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>The toenails.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is thought to contribute to the development of rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>Environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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