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Questions and Answers

What is the primary immunomodulatory effect of curcumin as mentioned in the content?

  • Decreases bone formation
  • Modulates activation of immune cells (correct)
  • Enhances oxidative stress
  • Increases inflammatory cytokines

How does curcumin contribute to bone formation?

  • By activating osteoclasts
  • By reducing the level of alkaline phosphatase
  • By promoting osteoblast proliferation (correct)
  • By inhibiting the expression of bone-related genes

What is the most significant property of thymoquinone (TQ) in Nigella sativa seeds?

  • Increasing nitric oxide production
  • Enhancing lipid peroxidation
  • Scavenging reactive oxygen species (correct)
  • Activating nuclear factor-kappa B

What role does oxidative stress play in osteoporosis as per the content?

<p>Reduces bone mineral density (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does thymoquinone (TQ) exert its anti-inflammatory effects?

<p>By inhibiting the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common risk factors for osteoporosis are associated with oxidative stress?

<p>Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism of action does thymoquinone (TQ) utilize in bone protection?

<p>Scavenges superoxides and protects against oxidative stress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme's activity is suppressed by thymoquinone (TQ) to reduce inflammation?

<p>Lipoxygenase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible consequence of taking more than the recommended dose of acetaminophen?

<p>Liver damage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of using NSAIDs for osteoarthritis pain relief?

<p>They relieve pain effectively at recommended doses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does Duloxetine (Cymbalta) play in the treatment of osteoarthritis?

<p>It is an antidepressant used to treat chronic pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What procedure involves injecting medications directly into a joint?

<p>Cortisone injections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of receiving cortisone injections for osteoarthritis?

<p>They can worsen joint damage if overused (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment option may provide cushioning in the knee joint?

<p>Hyaluronic acid injections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method can be equally effective as physical therapy for osteoarthritis management?

<p>Gentle exercise such as swimming or walking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is rheumatoid arthritis primarily characterized?

<p>It is a chronic, inflammatory, systemic autoimmune disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fracture is associated with compression in the back?

<p>Compression fractures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which test measures bone mineral density?

<p>Bone mineral density test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by a loss of bone mass and density?

<p>Osteoporosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the methods to investigate bone health?

<p>Lumbosacral spine x-ray (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor causing bone loss?

<p>Hormonal changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a bone biopsy involve?

<p>Taking a tissue sample from the bone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is part of cranial bone growth?

<p>Intramembranous ossification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drake, Richard, and others are associated with which publication?

<p>Gray's Anatomy for Students (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions is NOT a function of bone?

<p>Production of hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of the bone matrix?

<p>Collagen fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells is responsible for bone resorption?

<p>Osteoclasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is crucial for regulating calcium levels in bones?

<p>Parathyroid hormone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone classification is based on the shape?

<p>Long and short bones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by weakened bones due to loss of bone density?

<p>Osteoporosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following dietary components can help manage osteoporosis?

<p>Calcium-rich foods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition affects the curvature of the spine?

<p>Scoliosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone is primarily responsible for the production of blood cells?

<p>Trabecular bone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis that distinguishes it from other types of arthritis?

<p>It is caused by an autoimmune response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is essential for calcium absorption and bone health?

<p>Vitamin D (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk factor for developing osteoarthritis?

<p>Age and joint wear (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>Weight gain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of osteoporosis?

<p>Joint stiffness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which joints does rheumatoid arthritis first commonly manifest?

<p>The small joints in the middle of the fingers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leads to physical disabilities in severe cases of rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>Bone erosion and joint deformities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of antioxidants in bone health?

<p>Reduce oxidative stress in bone tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>Genetics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is a risk factor for developing gout?

<p>Dehydration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of late-stage rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>Major joint damage and deformity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the body is least likely to be affected by inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>The toenails. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is thought to contribute to the development of rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>Environmental factors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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