Mitosis, Meiosis, Carbon Bonds & Solvation

<p>Its ability to form large and complex molecules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Four (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A chemical linkage that arises from the sharing of an electron pair between two atoms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Its ability to form up to 4 single bonds with other atoms or multiple bonds with a single atom. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon's valence shell has 4 electrons and forms covalent bonds to fill its valence shell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining genetic consistency between cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent tissue rejection by ensuring cellular compatibility. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two nuclei, each with one set of chromosomes (haploid). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The generation of genetic diversity through random assortment and recombination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA replication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA replication. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To make chromosomes shorter and thicker for easier segregation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through random assortment of chromosomes and genetic recombination. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diploid number of chromosomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>23 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uneven distribution of chromosomes, leading to genetic abnormalities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creation of genetic variation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generation of genetic diversity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enables the fusion of gametes to restore the diploid number. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hydrophobic core of the cell membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitated diffusion is selective and requires specific membrane proteins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The concentration gradient of the particles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They still face some resistance from the hydrophobic core of the membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The concentration gradient of osmotically active solutes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passive diffusion of water across the cell membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They restrict the movement of solute molecules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To establish and maintain electrochemical gradients across the cell membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are inversely proportional; as solute concentration increases, water concentration decreases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases the rate of osmosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell will shrink as water moves out of it. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The molecule's size and charge must be compatible with the channel. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps to disperse the solute molecules in the solution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passive transport moves molecules down their concentration gradient, while active transport moves them against it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell will shrink as water moves out. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The solution has the same solute concentration as the cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A higher ratio facilitates efficient exchange of materials with the environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The transport protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Larger cells require more surface area to support their metabolic needs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The substance must cross the membrane at a rate that supports the cell's metabolic needs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 mol dm-3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP provides the energy needed to change the protein from a more stable to a less stable conformation, and vice versa. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active solutes cannot cross the semi-permeable membrane, while inactive solutes can. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A difference in concentration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell would eventually be poisoned and cease to function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enables the cell to precisely control the passage of specific molecules in response to cellular needs or external signals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It ensures that only the necessary molecules can pass through, maintaining cellular homeostasis and enabling specific functions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There will be no net movement of water, and the cell volume will remain stable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitated diffusion involves the use of channel proteins, while simple diffusion does not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exchange nutrients and wastes with the environment more efficiently. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbonates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serving as the genetic material responsible for inherited traits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA serves as a master copy of genetic information, while RNA is involved in gene expression through protein assembly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The arrangement of carbon bonds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A modified nucleic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All four types contribute (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates: Structural components and energy storage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ruling out that it is a carbide, carbonate, carbon oxide, or cyanide. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different carbon arrangements lead to diverse molecular shapes and functions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It facilitates transport of particles and provides a medium for biochemical reactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enables the formation of hydrogen bonds, leading to cohesion and adhesion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It results in surface tension and assists in water transport in plants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adhesion between water and cellulose in plant cell walls aids capillary action. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Its high heat capacity due to hydrogen bonding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water's polarity allows it to form shells around charged and polar molecules, preventing precipitation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cohesion increases surface tension due to the strong cohesive force between water molecules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They facilitate capillary action through cohesion and adhesion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It serves as a solvent for biochemical reactions and transport. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The oxygen atom attracts electrons more strongly than the hydrogen atoms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen bonds are individually weak but collectively strong, continually breaking and reforming. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a medium for reactions and facilitates transport of reactants and products. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water's low density in its solid form (ice) insulates the water below. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The slightly negative oxygen atom attracts positive ions, while the slightly positive hydrogen atoms attract negative ions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Does not fit the general trend. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cells that have the same genes as the parent cell.

A process of cell division that maintains genetic consistency in daughter cells.

Problems that can arise when the immune system attacks transplanted tissues.

Cell division that reduces chromosome number by half, creating genetic diversity.

Cells that contain half the number of chromosomes (1n).

Cells that contain two sets of chromosomes (2n).

Reproductive cells produced by meiosis, essential for sexual reproduction.

Variability in gene frequencies within a population, essential for evolution.

The process whereby a cell copies all its DNA before division.

The process of shortening chromosomes, making them easier to segregate during division.

The process during which the nucleus divides in mitosis or meiosis.

Differences in DNA among individuals, crucial for evolution.

Two chromosomes that are similar in shape and size, one from each parent.

The process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce.

The process by which a parent cell splits into two or more daughter cells.

The process where a solvent combines with solute molecules or ions.

The net movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane.

Solutes that create intermolecular attractions with water, affecting its movement.

A strong chemical bond formed by sharing an electron pair between two atoms.

Carbon forms the basis of organic life due to its ability to create large, complex molecules.

Carbon can create single or multiple bonds, leading to diverse molecular shapes.

Water is the universal solvent, crucial for many chemical reactions and processes.

Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell, allowing it to form four covalent bonds.

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

A solution with the same concentration of solutes as another solution.

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

Proteins that facilitate the transport of water across cell membranes.

Passive transport of molecules across a membrane via channel proteins.

Movement of substances across a cell membrane without energy use.

Movement of substances against their concentration gradient using energy (ATP).

A protein that moves sodium out and potassium into cells against their gradients using energy.

A measure that compares cell outer area to its internal volume; important for efficiency.

All chemical reactions that occur within a cell; rate depends on cell volume.

A structural change in a protein that affects its function, often triggered by energy input.

The difference in concentration of a substance across a space or membrane.

Cells actively manage contents through selective permeability and transport mechanisms.

Proteins that span the whole membrane, involved in transportation across the membrane.

The ability of a membrane to allow substances to pass through.

A prevailing tendency or generalization observed in data.

A variation from the general trend which indicates difference or inconsistency.

The medium within a cell where biochemical reactions occur.

A molecule with unequal sharing of electrons, leading to positive and negative ends.

A weak bond formed when a slightly positive hydrogen atom attracts a slightly negative atom.

The tendency of water molecules to stick together, leading to surface tension.

Strong cohesive force due to water molecules pulling on each other, creating a 'skin.'

The attraction between water molecules and other substances, causing water to stick to surfaces.

Movement of water through narrow spaces due to adhesion and cohesion.

Substances that dissolve well in water because they are polar or charged.

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism, including energy transformation.

The movement of substances in and out of cells, crucial for cell function.

Chemical processes occurring in living organisms, involving enzymes.

Individually weak yet collectively strong bonds that break and reform continuously.

Compounds that primarily contain carbon and are found in living organisms.

Compounds like carbonates, carbon oxides, and cyanides that do not fall under organic compounds.

Nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, essential for structure and function in cells.

Molecules made of nucleotide subunits, responsible for genetic information storage and transfer.

Deoxyribonucleic acid, the master copy that contains genetic instructions for an organism.

Ribonucleic acid, responsible for protein synthesis and gene expression.

Adenosine triphosphate, a modified nucleic acid serving as energy currency in cells.

Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, often serving as primary energy sources.

Hydrophobic organic compounds, including fats and oils, used for long-term energy storage.

Large molecules made of amino acids, essential for countless cellular functions and structures.

A barrier that controls the movement of substances in and out of cells.

A property of cell membranes that allows certain molecules to pass but not others.

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Molecules that can interact with water, often polar or ionic compounds.

Molecules that repel water, typically non-polar substances.

Bonds that exist within a molecule, controlling its structure and properties.