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Questions and Answers
What typically results from cell division via mitosis?
What typically results from cell division via mitosis?
- Two daughter cells that are genetically distinct from each other and the parent cell
- Two daughter cells genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell (correct)
- Two daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
- Four daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
In what types of cells does mitosis occur?
In what types of cells does mitosis occur?
- Eukaryotic cells (correct)
- Prokaryotic cells
- Archaeal cells
- Bacterial cells
What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
- To protect the cell from viruses
- To enclose the nucleus (correct)
- To enclose the cytoplasm
- To package proteins
What is the term for the repeating pattern of cell growth, mitosis, and cell division?
What is the term for the repeating pattern of cell growth, mitosis, and cell division?
During which phase of the cell cycle are chromosomes replicated?
During which phase of the cell cycle are chromosomes replicated?
What occurs during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
What occurs during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
In animal cells, what structures duplicate during S phase?
In animal cells, what structures duplicate during S phase?
What main event occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?
What main event occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?
Which phase directly precedes mitosis?
Which phase directly precedes mitosis?
What is the role of the G2 phase in the cell cycle?
What is the role of the G2 phase in the cell cycle?
Which of the following represents the correct order of the phases of mitosis?
Which of the following represents the correct order of the phases of mitosis?
What event characterizes prophase?
What event characterizes prophase?
During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate?
During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate?
What happens to the nuclear envelope during prophase?
What happens to the nuclear envelope during prophase?
What is the function of microtubules in prophase?
What is the function of microtubules in prophase?
What are sister chromatids?
What are sister chromatids?
What is the name of the process where the cytoplasm divides?
What is the name of the process where the cytoplasm divides?
What is the point of attachment of the sister chromatids called?
What is the point of attachment of the sister chromatids called?
During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate?
During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate?
What is the significance of 'telo' in telophase?
What is the significance of 'telo' in telophase?
What marks the start of Anaphase?
What marks the start of Anaphase?
Which of the following happens during telophase?
Which of the following happens during telophase?
What are the key differences between cytokinesis in animal cells and plant cells?
What are the key differences between cytokinesis in animal cells and plant cells?
How does mitosis contribute to the growth of an organism?
How does mitosis contribute to the growth of an organism?
What is the composition of a centrosome in an animal cell?
What is the composition of a centrosome in an animal cell?
A cell in G2 phase has 46 chromosomes. How many sister chromatids does it have?
A cell in G2 phase has 46 chromosomes. How many sister chromatids does it have?
What is the role of non-kinetochore microtubules during mitosis?
What is the role of non-kinetochore microtubules during mitosis?
If a drug prevented the shortening of kinetochore microtubules during anaphase, what would be the most likely consequence?
If a drug prevented the shortening of kinetochore microtubules during anaphase, what would be the most likely consequence?
What is the functional difference between kinetochores and centromeres?
What is the functional difference between kinetochores and centromeres?
A researcher treats cells with a chemical that prevents the formation of the mitotic spindle. At which stage of mitosis would the cell cycle arrest?
A researcher treats cells with a chemical that prevents the formation of the mitotic spindle. At which stage of mitosis would the cell cycle arrest?
If a cell has 8 chromosomes in G1 phase, how many chromatids will it have in prophase?
If a cell has 8 chromosomes in G1 phase, how many chromatids will it have in prophase?
A cell is observed to have multiple nuclei forming within a single cytoplasm. Which process has likely been inhibited?
A cell is observed to have multiple nuclei forming within a single cytoplasm. Which process has likely been inhibited?
What would result if a cell underwent mitosis but failed to complete cytokinesis?
What would result if a cell underwent mitosis but failed to complete cytokinesis?
Which of the following cell types would you expect to spend the least amount of time in the cell cycle?
Which of the following cell types would you expect to spend the least amount of time in the cell cycle?
Which of the following is the most accurate description of the G0 phase?
Which of the following is the most accurate description of the G0 phase?
If a researcher discovers a mutation that causes cells to skip the G1 phase entirely, what would be the most likely consequence?
If a researcher discovers a mutation that causes cells to skip the G1 phase entirely, what would be the most likely consequence?
During M phase there are checkpoints the ensure the cell divides correctly. Which of the scenarios would cause a cell to stop dividing at the metaphase checkpoint?
During M phase there are checkpoints the ensure the cell divides correctly. Which of the scenarios would cause a cell to stop dividing at the metaphase checkpoint?
A mad scientist has invented 'mitosis-block', a compound which can permeate cells and permanently bind to tubulin, preventing microtubule polymerization during mitosis. You treat a population of cells with this compound. What phase would they be most likely to reach?
A mad scientist has invented 'mitosis-block', a compound which can permeate cells and permanently bind to tubulin, preventing microtubule polymerization during mitosis. You treat a population of cells with this compound. What phase would they be most likely to reach?
An insanely difficult question for experts only: Imagine that researchers discover a new type of drug, 'anaphazin,' that *selectively degrades securin proteins but ONLY if sister chromatids are still physically attached at the centromere. What is the most likely outcome if cancer cells were treated with anaphazin?
An insanely difficult question for experts only: Imagine that researchers discover a new type of drug, 'anaphazin,' that *selectively degrades securin proteins but ONLY if sister chromatids are still physically attached at the centromere. What is the most likely outcome if cancer cells were treated with anaphazin?
If Ran-GTP was artificially over-expressed and unregulated within a cell during mitosis, what would be the most likely consequence? (This is insanely difficult and requires expert-level understanding).
If Ran-GTP was artificially over-expressed and unregulated within a cell during mitosis, what would be the most likely consequence? (This is insanely difficult and requires expert-level understanding).
Flashcards
What is Mitosis?
What is Mitosis?
Cell division producing two identical daughter cells with the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cell, typical of tissue growth and asexual reproduction.
What is a Centromere?
What is a Centromere?
A region of DNA where the chromosome is constricted and where the kinetochore forms.
What is a Kinetochore?
What is a Kinetochore?
The protein structure on the DNA at the centromere where microtubules attach to separate sister chromatids during cell division.
What is a Centrosome?
What is a Centrosome?
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What is the Cell Cycle?
What is the Cell Cycle?
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What is Interphase?
What is Interphase?
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What happens in G1 Phase?
What happens in G1 Phase?
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What happens in S Phase?
What happens in S Phase?
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What happens in G2 Phase?
What happens in G2 Phase?
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What is the Mitotic (M) Phase?
What is the Mitotic (M) Phase?
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What is Prophase?
What is Prophase?
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What is Metaphase?
What is Metaphase?
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What is Anaphase?
What is Anaphase?
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What is Telophase?
What is Telophase?
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What is Cytokinesis?
What is Cytokinesis?
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Study Notes
Mitosis
- Mitosis is cell division resulting in two daughter cells.
- Daughter cells are usually genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell.
- Daughter cells typically have the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.
- Mitosis is typical of ordinary tissue growth, or of asexual reproduction in single-celled eukaryotes.
- Mitosis is a eukaryotic process
- Eukaryotes have nuclei and usually multiple linear chromosomes
- Prokaryotes do not have nuclei and usually have a single circular chromosome.
- Binary Fission occurs in prokaryotes.
Nucleus
- Nucleus is only present in eukaryotes
- Nucleoplasm Is like cytoplasm, but in the nucleus
- Nucleolus transcribes ribosomal RNA
- Chromatin is DNA that is packaged with proteins
- Nuclear Envelope encloses the nucleus
- Nuclear Pore Complex controls what goes in and out of the nucleus.
The Cell Cycle
- The repeating pattern of cell growth, mitosis, and cell division is called the Cell Cycle.
- The average timing for rapidly proliferating human cells is 24 hours.
- Yeast cell cycle takes 90 minutes.
- Early embryo cell cycle takes 30min.
- Mitosis phase is approx 1hr.
- Postsynthesis gap (G2) is approx 4 hrs.
- Synthesis of DNA (S phase) is approx 9 hrs.
- Presynthesis gap (G1) is approx 10 hrs.
G1: Interphase Gap 1
- Cells actively produce products specific to their biological role in the body.
- Varies in length, depending on cell type.
- Some cells do not divide, stay in G1, this is G0, for example, human nerve cells.
- Some cells divide rapidly, for example, human skin stem cells.
S: DNA synthesis
- Chromosome duplication synthesizes identical sister chromatids.
- Sister chromatids remain joined at the centromere.
- DNA must be open for replication, not condensed.
- In animal cells, centrosomes are duplicated during the S phase
- Centrosomes are structures involved in cell division
S-phase: synthesis of DNA
- A chromatid is one copy of a newly copied chromosome that is still joined to the other copy by a single centromere
Scientists define chromosomes differently at different stages
- At the end of S phase all chromosomes are bipartite
- A bipartite chromosome in S and G2 = 1 chromosome = 2 sister chromatids= 2 DNA molecules= 2 DNA double helices
- In G1 all chromosomes are Unipartite
- A Unipartite chromosome = 1 chromosome = 1 chromatid = 1 DNA molecule = 1 DNA double helix.
G2: Interphase Gap 2
- G2 phase just before mitosis.
- Cell synthesizes proteins necessary for mitosis and cell division.
Mitosis Phases
- Distinct phases include: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
- Prophase- (pro = before).
- Telophase- (telo = end).
Prophase
- Chromosomes condense.
- Two centrosomes (formed during S phase) migrate to each pole of the cell.
- Microtubules (protein) extend from centrosomes.
Centrosome vs. Centriole
- Centrosome = 2 centrioles plus other proteins.
Prophase (and prometaphase)
- Nuclear membrane breaks down.
- Kinetochores of sister chromatids attach to microtubules.
Centromere vs. Kinetochore
- Centromere is the Region of DNA.
- Kinetochore is a Protein structure on the DNA.
Metaphase
- Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate.
- Sister chromatids face opposite poles.
Anaphase
- Sister chromatids separate at the centromere.
- Separated sister chromatids move to opposite poles (disjunction).
Telophase (and cytokinesis)
- "telo" means "end" in Ancient Greek.
- Nuclear membranes reform
- Spindle fibers disappear.
- Chromosomes uncoil (chromatin).
- Cytoplasm begins to divide.
Cytokinesis division of the cytoplasm
- Animal cells use a cleavage furrow to divide
- Plant cells create a cell plate
- The cytoplasm divides, splitting the parent cell into two daughter cells with identical nuclei.
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