Mitosis and Eukaryotic Cells

• Mitosis allows a cell to divide and create two identical daughter cells
• Mitosis facilitates growth, repair and asexual reproduction
• Mitosis occurs in eukaryotic cells, which contain a nucleus

Stages of Mitosis

• Interphase involves cell growth and DNA copying
• Prophase is when chromosomes become visible and the nuclear membrane starts to break down
• Metaphase occurs when chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
• Anaphase is when chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell
• Telophase involves new nuclear membranes forming around each set of chromosomes
• Cytokinesis is when the cell divides into two, resulting in two daughter cells

Eukaryotic Cells

• Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus containing DNA and specialized structures called organelles
• Eukaryotic cells are found in plants, animals, fungi and protists

Key Parts of a Eukaryotic Cell

• Nucleus contains the cell's DNA
• Mitochondria produces energy for the cell
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) aids in making and transporting proteins and lipids
• Golgi Apparatus packages and sends out proteins and other molecules
• Ribosomes makes proteins

Prokaryotic Cells

• Prokaryotic cells are simpler, lacking a nucleus, with DNA floating freely
• Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cells

Key features of a Eukaryotic Cell

• Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance holding everything together
• Plasma membrane is the outer layer controlling what enters and leaves the cell
• Ribosomes produce proteins
• DNA is in the nucleoid region, not within a nucleus

The Penis (Male Reproductive System)

• The penis is the male reproductive organ used to deliver sperm into the female's reproductive system during sexual intercourse and it also plays a role in urination

Parts of the Penis

• Glans: The rounded tip, referred to as the head
• Shaft: The main length of the penis
• Urethra: A tube running through the penis, carrying urine and semen
• Penile Tissue: Erectile tissue that engorges with blood, making the penis stiff

The Vagina (Female Reproductive System)

• The vagina is the female reproductive organ, connecting the uterus to the outside of the body
• Sperm enters through the vagina during sexual intercourse
• The vagina is the birth canal during childbirth

Parts of the Vagina

• Vaginal Canal: The passageway for sperm delivery and where a baby passes during birth
• Vaginal Opening: The entrance to the vagina
• Cervix: The lower part of the uterus opening into the vagina, expanding during childbirth

Male Reproductive System

• Testes produce sperm and testosterone
• The penis delivers sperm during sexual intercourse
• Vas deferens are tubes carrying sperm from the testes to the urethra
• Urethra is the tube carries urine and semen out of the body

Female Reproductive System

• Ovaries produce eggs and hormones like estrogen
• Fallopian tubes carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus where fertilization usually happens
• Uterus is where a fertilized egg grows and develops into a baby
• Vagina is the passageway for sperm to enter and for the baby to exit during birth

Digestion

• Digestion is the process of breaking down food into nutrients for energy, growth, and repair, involving many organs

Key Parts of the Digestive System

• Mouth: Breaks down food by chewing and saliva, the first step
• Esophagus: A tube carrying food from the mouth to the stomach
• Stomach: Breaks down food with stomach acids and enzymes
• Small Intestine: The major site for digestion and nutrient absorption
• Large Intestine: Absorbs water and salts from remaining food matter
• Rectum and Anus: The final parts expelling waste