Mitosis and DNA structure

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Questions and Answers

What role does DNA have in controlling the characteristics of organisms?

DNA serves as the blueprint for controlling the characteristics of organisms.

Where can DNA be found?

DNA can be found in the cell.

Explain the double helix model of the structure of DNA.

The double helix model of DNA consists of two strands that wind around each other to form a structure that resembles a twisted ladder. Each strand has a sugar-phosphate backbone and is connected by nucleotide bases.

What are the three main components of a nucleotide?

<p>The three main components of a nucleotide are sugar, base, and phosphate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four bases in DNA?

<p>The four bases in DNA are Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the complementary base pairing rule in DNA.

<p>Adenine pairs with Thymine and Guanine pairs with Cytosine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of hydrogen bonds in DNA.

<p>Hydrogen bonds hold the two strands of DNA together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are chromosomes in terms of number?

<p>The number of chromosomes differs between species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of chromosomes are there?

<p>There are autosomes and sex chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are homologous pairs?

<p>Homologous pairs are pairs of chromosomes that have the same genes in the same order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe what genes are and how they differ between each other.

<p>Genes are segments of DNA that encode a specific protein or RNA molecule, and they differ in their nucleotide sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does each individual have two copies of each gene?

<p>Each individual has two copies of each gene because they inherit one copy from each parent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe mitosis.

<p>Mitosis is the process in which cells produce identical copies of themselves for growth, repair (in multicellular organisms), and asexual reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name and briefly describe the different stages of the cell cycle and mitosis.

<p>The stages are Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis in terms of location.

<p>Mitosis occurs in body cells, while meiosis occurs in reproductive organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis in terms of purpose.

<p>Mitosis is for growth and repair, while meiosis is for sexual reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis in terms of number of daughter cells produced.

<p>Mitosis produces two daughter cells, while meiosis produces four daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis in terms of number of chromosomes in each daughter cell.

<p>Mitosis results in daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell, while meiosis results in daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis in terms of whether daughter cells are identical to the parent cell.

<p>In mitosis, daughter cells are identical to the parent cell. In meiosis, daughter cells are not identical to the parent cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe haploid and diploid numbers.

<p>Haploid numbers refer to the number of chromosomes in a gamete, while diploid numbers refer to the number of chromosomes in a somatic cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are gametes and somatic cells?

<p>Gametes are sex cells, and somatic cells are body cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of fertilisation in passing on genetic information from parents to offspring.

<p>Fertilization is when the genetic information from a sperm and an egg combine to produce an offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does variation in offspring occur?

<p>Variation in offspring occurs through random distribution of chromosomes during meiosis, crossing over of genetic material during meiosis, and random selection of gametes during fertilisation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is variation an advantage for species survival?

<p>Variation is an advantage for species survival because it allows for adaptation to changing environments and increases the likelihood that some individuals will survive and reproduce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define genome.

<p>A genome is the complete set of genetic material present in a cell or organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define inheritance.

<p>Inheritance is the transmission of traits from parents to offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define trait.

<p>A trait is a characteristic or feature of an organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define dominant.

<p>Dominant is an allele that expresses its trait even when paired with a recessive allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define recessive.

<p>Recessive is an allele that expresses its trait only when paired with another identical allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define homozygous.

<p>Homozygous is having two identical alleles for a particular gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Role of DNA

The blueprint for controlling the characteristics of organisms.

Double Helix

A model of DNA's structure featuring two strands that wind around each other.

Nucleotide

The basic building block of DNA, consisting of a sugar, base, and phosphate group.

Base Pairing Rule

Adenine pairs with Thymine; Guanine pairs with Cytosine.

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Mitosis

Process where cells produce identical copies of themselves for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.

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Meiosis

Process where multicellular organisms produce gametes for sexual reproduction.

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Haploid vs Diploid

Sex cells (gametes) have a haploid number; Somatic cells (body cells) have a diploid number.

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Genome

The complete set of genetic material in an organism.

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Trait

A characteristic or feature of an organism.

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Allele

A version of a gene.

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Study Notes

DNA

  • DNA serves as the blueprint which controls an organism's characteristics
  • DNA location is in the cell
  • The double helix model explains the structure of DNA

Nucleotides

  • Nucleotides are components of the double helix
  • Nucleotides have three main parts: a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group
  • There are four bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

Complementary Base Pairing

  • Adenine pairs with thymine
  • Guanine pairs with cytosine
  • Hydrogen bonds connect the base pairs together

Chromosomes

  • Chromosome number differs between species
  • Chromosomes can be autosomes or sex chromosomes
  • Chromosomes can be homologous pairs

Genes

  • Genes differ from each other
  • Individuals have two copies of each gene
  • Models and diagrams show the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes

Cell Division: Mitosis

  • Mitosis is the process where cells produce identical copies of themselves
  • The purpose of mitosis is for growth, repair in multicellular organisms, and asexual reproduction
  • Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis are the stages of mitosis

Cell Division: Meiosis

  • Meiosis is the process where multicellular organisms produce gametes
  • This is for the overall process of sexual reproduction

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

  • Mitosis occurs in body cells, while meiosis occurs in reproductive organs
  • Mitosis helps with growth and repair, while meiosis produces gametes
  • Mitosis produces two daughter cells, while meiosis produces four daughter cells
  • Mitosis produces daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes, while meiosis produces daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes
  • Daughter cells in mitosis are identical to the parent cell, while daughter cells in meiosis are not

Haploid and Diploid

  • Haploid and diploid numbers are important to identify
  • Gametes (sex cells) and somatic (body) cells are also important to identify

Fertilisation

  • Fertilisation passes on genetic information from parents to offspring

Variation in Offspring

  • Random distribution of chromosomes during meiosis causes variation
  • Crossing over of genetic material during meiosis causes variation
  • The random selection of gametes during fertilisation causes variation

Variation

  • Variation is an advantage for species survival

Inheritance Terms

  • Genome: all the genetic material in an organism
  • Inheritance: the process by which traits are passed from parents to offspring
  • Trait: a characteristic or feature of an organism
  • Allele: different versions of a gene
  • Dominant: an allele that expresses it's trait even if only one copy is present
  • Recessive: an allele that only expresses it's trait if two copies are present
  • Homozygous: having two identical alleles for a gene
  • Heterozygous: having two different alleles for a gene
  • Genotype: the genetic makeup of an organism
  • Phenotype: the observable characteristics of an organism

Genotypes

  • Simple homozygous/heterozygous genotypes can be represented using standard symbols like Hh, HH, hh
  • Punnett squares represent a cross between the genotypes of two parents
  • Predict simple ratios and percentages of offspring genotypes and phenotypes in crosses involving dominant/recessive gene pairs

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