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Questions and Answers
What role does DNA have in controlling the characteristics of organisms?
What role does DNA have in controlling the characteristics of organisms?
DNA serves as the blueprint for controlling the characteristics of organisms.
Where can DNA be found?
Where can DNA be found?
DNA can be found in the cell.
Explain the double helix model of the structure of DNA.
Explain the double helix model of the structure of DNA.
The double helix model of DNA consists of two strands that wind around each other to form a structure that resembles a twisted ladder. Each strand has a sugar-phosphate backbone and is connected by nucleotide bases.
What are the three main components of a nucleotide?
What are the three main components of a nucleotide?
What are the four bases in DNA?
What are the four bases in DNA?
Explain the complementary base pairing rule in DNA.
Explain the complementary base pairing rule in DNA.
Describe the role of hydrogen bonds in DNA.
Describe the role of hydrogen bonds in DNA.
What are chromosomes in terms of number?
What are chromosomes in terms of number?
What types of chromosomes are there?
What types of chromosomes are there?
What are homologous pairs?
What are homologous pairs?
Describe what genes are and how they differ between each other.
Describe what genes are and how they differ between each other.
Why does each individual have two copies of each gene?
Why does each individual have two copies of each gene?
Describe mitosis.
Describe mitosis.
Name and briefly describe the different stages of the cell cycle and mitosis.
Name and briefly describe the different stages of the cell cycle and mitosis.
Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis in terms of location.
Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis in terms of location.
Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis in terms of purpose.
Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis in terms of purpose.
Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis in terms of number of daughter cells produced.
Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis in terms of number of daughter cells produced.
Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis in terms of number of chromosomes in each daughter cell.
Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis in terms of number of chromosomes in each daughter cell.
Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis in terms of whether daughter cells are identical to the parent cell.
Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis in terms of whether daughter cells are identical to the parent cell.
Describe haploid and diploid numbers.
Describe haploid and diploid numbers.
What are gametes and somatic cells?
What are gametes and somatic cells?
Describe the role of fertilisation in passing on genetic information from parents to offspring.
Describe the role of fertilisation in passing on genetic information from parents to offspring.
How does variation in offspring occur?
How does variation in offspring occur?
Why is variation an advantage for species survival?
Why is variation an advantage for species survival?
Define genome.
Define genome.
Define inheritance.
Define inheritance.
Define trait.
Define trait.
Define dominant.
Define dominant.
Define recessive.
Define recessive.
Define homozygous.
Define homozygous.
Flashcards
Role of DNA
Role of DNA
The blueprint for controlling the characteristics of organisms.
Double Helix
Double Helix
A model of DNA's structure featuring two strands that wind around each other.
Nucleotide
Nucleotide
The basic building block of DNA, consisting of a sugar, base, and phosphate group.
Base Pairing Rule
Base Pairing Rule
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Mitosis
Mitosis
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Meiosis
Meiosis
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Haploid vs Diploid
Haploid vs Diploid
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Genome
Genome
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Trait
Trait
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Allele
Allele
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Study Notes
DNA
- DNA serves as the blueprint which controls an organism's characteristics
- DNA location is in the cell
- The double helix model explains the structure of DNA
Nucleotides
- Nucleotides are components of the double helix
- Nucleotides have three main parts: a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group
- There are four bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine
Complementary Base Pairing
- Adenine pairs with thymine
- Guanine pairs with cytosine
- Hydrogen bonds connect the base pairs together
Chromosomes
- Chromosome number differs between species
- Chromosomes can be autosomes or sex chromosomes
- Chromosomes can be homologous pairs
Genes
- Genes differ from each other
- Individuals have two copies of each gene
- Models and diagrams show the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes
Cell Division: Mitosis
- Mitosis is the process where cells produce identical copies of themselves
- The purpose of mitosis is for growth, repair in multicellular organisms, and asexual reproduction
- Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis are the stages of mitosis
Cell Division: Meiosis
- Meiosis is the process where multicellular organisms produce gametes
- This is for the overall process of sexual reproduction
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
- Mitosis occurs in body cells, while meiosis occurs in reproductive organs
- Mitosis helps with growth and repair, while meiosis produces gametes
- Mitosis produces two daughter cells, while meiosis produces four daughter cells
- Mitosis produces daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes, while meiosis produces daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes
- Daughter cells in mitosis are identical to the parent cell, while daughter cells in meiosis are not
Haploid and Diploid
- Haploid and diploid numbers are important to identify
- Gametes (sex cells) and somatic (body) cells are also important to identify
Fertilisation
- Fertilisation passes on genetic information from parents to offspring
Variation in Offspring
- Random distribution of chromosomes during meiosis causes variation
- Crossing over of genetic material during meiosis causes variation
- The random selection of gametes during fertilisation causes variation
Variation
- Variation is an advantage for species survival
Inheritance Terms
- Genome: all the genetic material in an organism
- Inheritance: the process by which traits are passed from parents to offspring
- Trait: a characteristic or feature of an organism
- Allele: different versions of a gene
- Dominant: an allele that expresses it's trait even if only one copy is present
- Recessive: an allele that only expresses it's trait if two copies are present
- Homozygous: having two identical alleles for a gene
- Heterozygous: having two different alleles for a gene
- Genotype: the genetic makeup of an organism
- Phenotype: the observable characteristics of an organism
Genotypes
- Simple homozygous/heterozygous genotypes can be represented using standard symbols like Hh, HH, hh
- Punnett squares represent a cross between the genotypes of two parents
- Predict simple ratios and percentages of offspring genotypes and phenotypes in crosses involving dominant/recessive gene pairs
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