Mitosis and Cell Cycle Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

Why doesn't a plant cell undergo cytokinesis the same way as an animal cell?

The rigid cell wall cannot pinch inward; it isn't flexible enough.

Describe the role of microtubules in mitosis. Why must microtubules both assemble and disassemble for mitosis to occur properly?

Microtubules help the chromosomes start to split during metaphase and anaphase. They both assemble and disassemble so that the chromosomes can get to the opposite poles in telophase.

During what phase of mitosis do you expect to see microtubules forming?

Prophase

What is the name of the microtubules that form?

Spindles Signup and view all the answers

During what phase do these microtubules begin to assemble?

Anaphase Signup and view all the answers

How could Taxol, which binds microtubule proteins and prevents their disassembly, affect cell division?

By preventing disassembly during anaphase, it stops chromosomes from moving to opposite poles, inhibiting cell division. Signup and view all the answers

In order for the cell to divide successfully, what must the cell first do?

Duplicate its genetic information Signup and view all the answers

Where are sister chromatids attached?

Centromere Signup and view all the answers

If a cell has 6 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each of its daughter cells have after mitosis and cytokinesis?

6 Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a cell divides?

Each daughter cell receives its own copy of the parent cell's DNA. Signup and view all the answers

What does anaphase do?

Spindles rapidly disassemble, chromatids begin to separate. Signup and view all the answers

What does prophase do?

Nuclear envelope disintegrates, chromosomes condense and first become visible, and the centrioles move to the poles of the cells. Signup and view all the answers

What does telophase do?

Mitosis is complete; nuclear envelope re-forms, cytokinesis happens after. Signup and view all the answers

What does metaphase do?

Spindle fibers connect to the centromere, after prophase. Signup and view all the answers

What does interphase do?

Cell grows, replicates DNA, makes more organelles; DNA copies itself. Signup and view all the answers

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

G1, S, G2, M Signup and view all the answers

During what stage does the size of the cell increase?

G1 Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does the number of cells increase?

G2 Signup and view all the answers

What part is most affected by cancer cells?

G1 Signup and view all the answers

What phase does DNA duplicate?

S Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during mitosis?

Nucleus splits in half. Signup and view all the answers

Is the original cell dead or does it disappear after mitosis?

False Signup and view all the answers

In order for the cell to divide normally, what needs to happen?

A signal from the cell. Signup and view all the answers

Where does the cell cycle happen?

Interphase Signup and view all the answers

Where does PMAT happen?

Mitosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a cancer cell?

Cell that divides uncontrollably. Signup and view all the answers

What regulates cell division?

Cyclins (CDK) regulate cell division by signaling the cell to pass to the next cycle phase. Signup and view all the answers

What is a carcinogen?

Substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What is a mutagen?

An agent that can cause genetic mutation. Signup and view all the answers

What is an oncogene?

Cancer-causing gene. Signup and view all the answers

What are proto-oncogenes?

Signals cell to be triggered to undergo cell division; defects may lead to uncontrolled cell division. Signup and view all the answers

What are tumor suppressor genes?

Signal to stop cell division; defects cause uncontrolled cell division. Signup and view all the answers

What is a tumor?

A mass of abnormal cells that develops when cancerous cells divide and grow uncontrollably. Signup and view all the answers

What does cytokinesis mean?

Division of the cytoplasm. Signup and view all the answers

In what types of cell does mitosis occur?

All cells except sperm and egg. Signup and view all the answers

What is G0?

Resting phase. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during G1?

Cell size increases. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the S phase?

DNA replication. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during G2?

Growth in organelles. Signup and view all the answers

What does M phase represent?

Examines whether sister chromatids are correctly aligned for separation. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Division and Mitosis

Plant cells cannot undergo cytokinesis like animal cells due to their rigid cell wall structure.
Microtubules are crucial in mitosis for chromosome separation and assembly/disassembly facilitate movement towards opposite poles during anaphase.
Microtubule formation begins in prophase, specifically forming spindle fibers.
Spindle microtubules are responsible for connecting to the chromosomes during mitosis.

Mitosis Phases Overview

Anaphase involves the rapid disassembly of spindles, leading to the separation of chromatids.
Prophase includes disintegration of the nuclear envelope and condensation of chromosomes.
Telophase marks the completion of mitosis and reformation of the nuclear envelope.
Metaphase is characterized by spindle fibers connecting to centromeres, aligning chromosomes in preparation for separation.
Interphase involves cell growth, DNA replication, and organelle synthesis, occurring prior to mitosis.

Cell Cycle and Regulation

The cell cycle comprises G1, S, G2, and M phases, each playing a role in cell preparation and division.
G1 is when the cell size increases and is most affected by cancer cells, often leading to unregulated growth.
The S phase is critical for DNA duplication, ensuring daughter cells have identical genetic material.
G2 focuses on organelle growth and preparing for mitosis, which occurs in phase M.
Cancer cells divide uncontrollably, representing a disruption in the regulation of the cell cycle.

Cancer and Genetic Factors

Cyclins (CDKs) are regulatory proteins that signal the cell to progress through the cell cycle.
Carcinogens are substances that promote cancer by inducing cell mutations or disrupt normal cell division.
Mutagens specifically cause genetic mutations that can lead to cancerous growth.
Oncogenes are genes that, when mutated, drive uncontrolled cell division.
Proto-oncogenes normally regulate cell division, but mutations can cause them to function improperly.
Tumor suppressor genes signal cells to cease dividing; defects lead to uncontrolled growth.

Additional Concepts

Cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm post-mitosis, crucial for forming two separate daughter cells.
Mitosis occurs in all cells excluding sperm and egg cells, which undergo meiosis instead.
G0 phase represents a resting state where cells are not actively dividing but may return to the cycle if prompted.
Each daughter cell after mitosis retains the same chromosome count as the parent cell.
The original cell persists after division, capable of re-entering the cell cycle.

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Description

Test your knowledge on mitosis and the cell cycle with these flashcards. Explore the differences between plant and animal cell cytokinesis, and understand the critical role that microtubules play during mitosis. Perfect for students looking to review essential concepts in cell division.