Funbio 6

Mitochondria can vary in shape from rods to spheres, depending on the specific cell type.

The number of mitochondria in a cell can range from a few to over 1000.

Each mitochondrion is bound by a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane.

<p>The main byproducts of glycolysis are pyruvate, ATP, and NADH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria can reproduce by themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary role of the Krebs cycle is to generate NADH for use in the electron transport chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>F1 particles play a key role in ATP production during cellular respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extrachromosomal DNA allows mitochondria to produce some of their own proteins independently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NADH acts as a coenzyme and carrier molecule, donating electrons and hydrogen ions to the electron transport chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidative phosphorylation is made up of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The serial symbiotic theory suggests that mitochondria originated from free-living prokaryotes that entered into a symbiotic relationship with ancestral eukaryotic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The electrochemical gradient stores energy that is used to pump hydrogen ions and synthesize ATP during chemiosmosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Living mitochondria are not static because they move around in the cytoplasm and can aggregate in areas of high metabolic activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP synthase synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) by squeezing them together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP synthase has a complex structure with F1 and F0 particles that allow it to form a transmembrane complex for efficient ATP synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During chemiosmosis, hydrogen ions are pumped from the inner compartment to the outer compartment of the mitochondria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary function of the cristae is to provide a large surface area for sequential chemical reactions related to ATP production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a direct correlation between the number of cristae and the activity level of the cell; more cristae indicate higher activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mitochondrial matrix contains mitochondrial ribosomes, non-chromosomal DNA, and enzymes for the Krebs Cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process that converts ADP into ATP is known as oxidative phosphorylation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondrial DNA is circular, non-chromosomal, and more susceptible to mutations compared to nuclear DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The key cycle involved in ATP production is the Citric Acid Cycle, also known as the Krebs Cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP serves as the primary energy carrier, driving various metabolic processes within the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two main types of membranes found in mitochondria are the outer mitochondrial membrane and the inner mitochondrial membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They possess their own circular DNA, similar to bacterial DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have their own ribosomes which resemble those of bacteria, allowing them to produce their own proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They undergo binary fission, similar to prokaryotic cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial antibiotics that target prokaryotic ribosomes can poison these organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria arise from pre-existing mitochondria through a process of division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondrial DNA encodes 37 genes, 13 of which are crucial for oxidative phosphorylation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria replicate by dividing in two, using a process called fission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria evolved from aerobic bacteria, while chloroplasts evolved from photosynthetic bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have multiple invaginations of their inner membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SET proposes that aerobic bacteria evolved into mitochondria through symbiosis with an ancestral eukaryotic host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aerobic bacteria provided energy to anaerobic host cells, leading to a mutualistic relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enables them to produce enzymes necessary for their metabolic functions without relying solely on the nuclear genome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photosynthetic bacteria are theorized to have become chloroplasts in plant cells through a similar endosymbiotic process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evidence includes the presence of bacterial-like DNA in mitochondria and the similarities in division processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope are thought to have formed from invaginations of the plasma membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eukaryotic cells, including animals, fungi, and some protists, benefit from this evolutionary process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrons from the Krebs cycle transfer energy through the electron transport chain, ultimately leading to the pumping of protons into the intermembrane space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protons are pumped into the intermembrane space and flow back through ATP synthase, providing the energy to convert ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complex IV reduces molecular oxygen to water using electrons and hydrogen ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During cell division, mitochondria are distributed equally between the daughter cells, and their numbers increase to ensure proper cell function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP synthase synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using the energy from the flow of protons back into the mitochondrial matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The energy released during the transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain generates the protons pumped into the intermembrane space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The proton gradient created by the electron transport chain is critical for driving ATP synthesis as protons flow through ATP synthase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Newly formed mitochondria increase their numbers through processes like fission, allowing for adequate energy supply for cell function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondria are the second most noticeable cellular organelle, visible even under a light microscope.

To see the intricate details of a mitochondrion, a powerful Electron Microscope (EM) is necessary.

Mitochondria are found in all eukaryotic cells, both plant and animal, indicating their essential role in cellular function.

The number of mitochondria in a cell varies significantly, ranging from a few to thousands, depending on the cell's energy demands.

The distinctive shape of mitochondria can vary, ranging from rod-like to spherical, and often provides clues about the cell's specific function.

Living mitochondria are dynamic and move within the cytoplasm, often congregating in areas where energy demands are high.

Mitochondria have the unique ability to reproduce independently within the cell, ensuring an adequate supply for energy production.

Each mitochondrion is enclosed by two membranes, a smooth outer membrane and a folded inner membrane, essential for creating compartments and facilitating energy production.

The process of generating ATP using energy from the movement of protons across the mitochondrial membrane.

A series of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons from NADH.

The process of using the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane to generate ATP.

Special structures in the inner mitochondrial membrane that act as ATP synthase.

A large protein complex responsible for generating ATP using the proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane.

The portion of ATP synthase protruding into the mitochondrial matrix that synthesizes ATP from ADP and phosphate.

The portion of ATP synthase embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that acts as a channel for protons.

The final stage of cellular respiration, where energy from electron transport is used to generate ATP.

The inner membrane of a mitochondrion, folded into cristae, increasing surface area for chemical reactions and ATP production.

The fluid-filled space within a mitochondrion containing enzymes, ribosomes, and mitochondrial DNA.

Circular DNA found within the mitochondrial matrix, responsible for producing some mitochondrial proteins.

The main energy currency of cells, produced by mitochondria.

A series of chemical reactions in the mitochondrial matrix that breaks down food molecules and releases energy for ATP production.

Mitochondria are called the 'powerhouse of the cell' because they produce ATP, the main energy source for cellular processes.

The number of cristae directly correlates with the activity of the cell, meaning more cristae indicate higher energy demand.

Protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the matrix into the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical gradient.

The flow of protons through ATP synthase provides the energy for generating ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Mitochondria are distributed equally to daughter cells during cell division.

After cell division, mitochondria increase in number to meet the energy demands of the cell.

Mitochondrial reproduction ensures sufficient mitochondria for energy production within the cell.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts share several similarities with bacteria, suggesting they originated from ancient bacteria that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA, known as mtDNA, separate from the cell's nuclear DNA.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts manufacture their own proteins using their own ribosomes, which are similar to bacterial ribosomes.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts can replicate independently within the cell, meaning they can grow and divide without needing the cell to divide.

Mitochondria are believed to have evolved from aerobic bacteria that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells.

Chloroplasts are believed to have evolved from photosynthetic bacteria, which were engulfed by eukaryotic cells.

The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living bacteria that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells.

Antibiotics that target bacterial ribosomes can also inhibit the function of mitochondria and chloroplasts, providing further evidence for their bacterial origin.

A theory proposing that mitochondria originated from free-living aerobic bacteria that were engulfed by a larger anaerobic cell, forming a symbiotic relationship.

A cell that lacks the ability to utilize oxygen for energy production.

A cell capable of using oxygen to produce energy.

The process by which a cell engulfs and internalizes another cell or particle.

The process of a single-celled organism dividing into two identical daughter cells.

The process by which mitochondria divide to produce new mitochondria.