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Questions and Answers
Shown is the structure of a mitochondrion with different compartments labeled. Which of the numbers represents the most permeable membrane of the mitochondrion?
Shown is the structure of a mitochondrion with different compartments labeled. Which of the numbers represents the most permeable membrane of the mitochondrion?
Protons are pumped across the mitochondrial inner membrane to accumulate in the
Protons are pumped across the mitochondrial inner membrane to accumulate in the
The low redox potential of NADH means that it has a
The low redox potential of NADH means that it has a
Which of the following has the lowest electron affinity?
Which of the following has the lowest electron affinity?
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In oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, high-energy electrons are transferred to the electron-transport chain from activated carriers like NADH. Stage 1 of photosynthesis also uses an electron-transport chain to pump protons and make ATP. In this case, where do the high-energy electrons come from?
In oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, high-energy electrons are transferred to the electron-transport chain from activated carriers like NADH. Stage 1 of photosynthesis also uses an electron-transport chain to pump protons and make ATP. In this case, where do the high-energy electrons come from?
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Shown is a chloroplast with labeled structures. The photosynthetic machinery is found in which of the compartments shown?
Shown is a chloroplast with labeled structures. The photosynthetic machinery is found in which of the compartments shown?
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Which of the following statements regarding signal transduction cascades is FALSE?
Which of the following statements regarding signal transduction cascades is FALSE?
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The proton flow through the transmembrane H+ carrier of ATP synthase results in
The proton flow through the transmembrane H+ carrier of ATP synthase results in
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Cyclin(s) _________.
Cyclin(s) _________.
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The pH of the mitochondrial matrix is ___________, which is ___________ than that of the intermembrane space.
The pH of the mitochondrial matrix is ___________, which is ___________ than that of the intermembrane space.
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Study Notes
Mitochondrial Structure and Function
- The most permeable membrane of the mitochondrion is the outer membrane.
- Protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient in the intermembrane space.
- NADH has a low redox potential, indicating it is a strong reducing agent with high potential energy.
Electron Transport and Photosynthesis
- Among various elements, the one with the lowest electron affinity is typically sodium (Na).
- In oxidative phosphorylation, high-energy electrons are sourced from activated carriers like NADH, involved in ATP synthesis.
- Stage 1 of photosynthesis uses an electron transport chain, where high-energy electrons originate from water (H2O) molecules during photolysis.
Chloroplast Structure
- The photosynthetic machinery is located in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts.
Signal Transduction
- In signal transduction cascades, false statements often relate to the roles of secondary messengers or their effects.
ATP Synthase and Proton Flow
- Proton flow through the transmembrane H+ carrier of ATP synthase drives ATP synthesis through a chemiosmotic mechanism.
Cell Cycle Regulation
- Cyclins are regulatory proteins that coordinate the cell cycle progression.
pH Levels in Mitochondria
- The pH of the mitochondrial matrix is higher (more alkaline) than that of the intermembrane space.
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