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Questions and Answers
What is the typical shape of mitochondria?
What is the typical shape of mitochondria?
- Bean-shaped (correct)
- Round
- Threadlike
- Cuboid
What determines the size and number of mitochondria in a cell?
What determines the size and number of mitochondria in a cell?
- Cell membrane composition
- Protein content of the cell
- Energy requirements of the cell (correct)
- DNA content of the cell
What is the function of the outer mitochondrial membrane?
What is the function of the outer mitochondrial membrane?
- Regulates DNA replication
- Controls protein synthesis
- Serves as the outer boundary (correct)
- Facilitates cellular communication
What is the name of the large pore-forming protein found in the outer mitochondrial membrane?
What is the name of the large pore-forming protein found in the outer mitochondrial membrane?
What process is a major determinant of mitochondrial number, length, and degree of interconnection?
What process is a major determinant of mitochondrial number, length, and degree of interconnection?
What is the characteristic morphological shape of mitochondria despite their variable appearance?
What is the characteristic morphological shape of mitochondria despite their variable appearance?
What organelle can mitochondria fuse with?
What organelle can mitochondria fuse with?
What is the role of mitochondria in sperm cells?
What is the role of mitochondria in sperm cells?
What is the composition of the outer mitochondrial membrane in terms of protein content?
What is the composition of the outer mitochondrial membrane in terms of protein content?
What is the function of the inner mitochondrial membrane?
What is the function of the inner mitochondrial membrane?
What is the process called when pyruvate is converted into lactate under limited oxygen supply?
What is the process called when pyruvate is converted into lactate under limited oxygen supply?
Which shuttle system involves the transport of malate into the mitochondrial matrix and the export of alpha-ketoglutarate from the matrix into the cytosol?
Which shuttle system involves the transport of malate into the mitochondrial matrix and the export of alpha-ketoglutarate from the matrix into the cytosol?
Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction of oxaloacetate and produces malate in the cytosol?
Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction of oxaloacetate and produces malate in the cytosol?
What is the primary product of the TCA cycle?
What is the primary product of the TCA cycle?
In the glycerol phosphate shuttle, what is the direct product of the transfer of electrons from NADH to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)?
In the glycerol phosphate shuttle, what is the direct product of the transfer of electrons from NADH to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)?
What is the process called when high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed to electron carriers of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?
What is the process called when high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed to electron carriers of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?
How many molecules of ATP are formed from each pair of electrons donated by NADH during oxidative phosphorylation?
How many molecules of ATP are formed from each pair of electrons donated by NADH during oxidative phosphorylation?
What is the net gain of ATP molecules per glucose molecule in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation combined?
What is the net gain of ATP molecules per glucose molecule in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation combined?
Which enzyme is responsible for the formation of malate from oxaloacetate in the mitochondrial matrix?
Which enzyme is responsible for the formation of malate from oxaloacetate in the mitochondrial matrix?
Which molecule is transported into the cytosol from the mitochondrial matrix in the Malate-Aspartate Shuttle?
Which molecule is transported into the cytosol from the mitochondrial matrix in the Malate-Aspartate Shuttle?
What is the primary function of the inner mitochondrial membrane?
What is the primary function of the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Which statement accurately describes the composition of the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Which statement accurately describes the composition of the inner mitochondrial membrane?
How many genes are involved in oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria?
How many genes are involved in oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria?
What are the two major aqueous compartments within the mitochondrion?
What are the two major aqueous compartments within the mitochondrion?
How many net ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule during glycolysis?
How many net ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule during glycolysis?
What is the primary product of glycolysis?
What is the primary product of glycolysis?
How is acetyl CoA formed from pyruvate?
How is acetyl CoA formed from pyruvate?
Where is succinate dehydrogenase located within the mitochondrion?
Where is succinate dehydrogenase located within the mitochondrion?
How many ATP molecules are produced from the TCA cycle for two pyruvate molecules?
How many ATP molecules are produced from the TCA cycle for two pyruvate molecules?
What process conserves energy released from the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA in the TCA cycle?
What process conserves energy released from the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA in the TCA cycle?
Study Notes
Mitochondrial Structure and Function
- Inner mitochondrial membrane is 75% protein and divided into two major domains with distinct functions
- Inner boundary membrane and cristae are the two major domains with different proteins and functions
- The inner membrane contains cardiolipin but not cholesterol, similar to bacterial membranes
- Mitochondria contain 37 genes, all essential for normal function, and 13 genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation
- The mitochondrion is divided into two aqueous compartments: the matrix and the intermembrane space
- Glycolysis is the first step in oxidative metabolism and produces two pyruvate, two NADH, and two net ATP per glucose
- Glycolysis involves nine key steps including phosphorylation, isomerization, and oxidative phosphorylation
- Acetyl CoA is formed from pyruvate through decarboxylation and thioester bond formation
- The TCA cycle produces 30 ATP for two pyruvate molecules and involves eight key steps
- Succinate dehydrogenase, bound to the inner membrane, is the only TCA cycle enzyme not in the matrix
- The TCA cycle involves eight enzymes including citrate synthase, aconitase, and succinate dehydrogenase
- Succinyl-CoA is hydrolyzed to release energy, which is conserved in the substrate phosphorylation of GDP to form GTP
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Description
Test your knowledge about the structure and function of mitochondria, including the inner mitochondrial membrane, aqueous compartments, glycolysis, and the TCA cycle.
