Mitochondria: The Powerhouse of the Cell

Study Notes

Mitochondria are organelles within cells that play a critical role in cellular energy production. They were first discovered by Camillo Golgi and named by Carl Benda in 1857. These double membrane bound structures are often described as the powerhouse of the cell due to their primary function of generating ATP through a process called oxidative phosphorylation.

Mitochondria have a unique structure that allows them to carry out this essential task. Each mitochondrion is roughly ellipsoidal or cylindrical in shape, with dimensions ranging from 1 to 10 μm. It has two distinct membranes: the outer mitochondrial membrane and the inner mitochondrial membrane.

The outer mitochondrial membrane is smooth and permeable, while the inner mitochondrial membrane has infoldings known as cristae which increase its surface area and provide a larger space for respiration to occur. In addition to these membranes, there is also an intermembrane space between them where proteins responsible for the electron transport chain reside.

Apart from their central role in energy production, mitochondria also have other functions such as modulating calcium levels within cells, participating in apoptosis or programmed cell death, and contributing to the regulation of metabolism. Their shape can vary depending on the cell type they inhabit, reflecting the diverse needs of different tissues and organs.

In summary, mitochondria are essential organelles within cells that provide the energy needed for various cellular processes. Their unique structure, characterized by two membranes and cristae, allows them to carry out these functions efficiently. Despite their small size, they have far-reaching impacts on cellular functioning and overall health.