Mitochondria Structure and Function

Questions and Answers

Which part of the mitochondria contains DNA, RNA, and ribosomes?

Outer membrane

Cristae

Matrix (correct)

Inner membrane

What is the main function of peroxisomes?

Protein synthesis

FA β-oxidation and H2O2 production (correct)

Cell signaling

Cell division

What is the function of the cristae in the mitochondria?

Site of DNA replication

Storage of cellular waste

Site of protein synthesis

Increase surface area for ATP production (correct)

Which type of cells would have a prominent RER?

Cells that secrete proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the outer membrane of mitochondria?

Contain porins Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is involved in apoptosis?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the inner membrane of mitochondria?

Formation of ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the matrix in mitochondria?

Storage of cellular genetic material Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of proteasomes in cells?

To degrade denatured, non-functional, or unneeded proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the stroma in organs?

To provide a supporting role, usually through connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the vesicle formed when a lysosome fuses with a transport vesicle?

Heterolysosome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of tissue?

Organs Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of cellular component turnover?

Turnover of cellular components Signup and view all the answers

Which germ layer gives rise to the gut tube epithelium and luminal epithelial derivatives?

Endoderm Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the remains of indigested material in a lysosome?

Residual body Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the parenchyma in organs?

To contribute to the organ's specialized function Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells have a prominent nucleolus and produce ground substance and extracellular fibers?

Fibroblast Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of the cytoplasm of a Mast Cell?

Metachromatic Signup and view all the answers

Which gland type has several sac-like secretory units with small ducts that converge at a larger duct?

Acinar or Alveolar Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a Plasma Cell?

Produce antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of an Adipocyte?

Single huge lipid droplet filling the cell Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type has an eccentric, kidney-shaped nucleus?

Macrophage Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of the nucleus of a Fibrocyte?

Small and quiescent Signup and view all the answers

Which gland type has several elongated coiled secretory units and their ducts that converge to form larger ducts?

Tubular Signup and view all the answers

What is released by Mast Cells?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is involved in phagocytosis and immune functions?

Macrophage Signup and view all the answers

From which germ layer do cartilages arise during embryonic development?

Mesoderm Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of proton pumps in cartilage cells?

To maintain cellular pH and release enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between interstitial and appositional growth in cartilage?

Interstitial involves division of chondrocytes, appositional involves differentiation of progenitor cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the poor capacity of cartilage to repair itself?

Avascularity of cartilage tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the most abundant inorganic component of bone matrix?

Calcium hydroxyapatite Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of type I collagen in bone matrix?

To provide hardness and resistance Signup and view all the answers

What type of secretion do both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands undergo?

Merocrine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a functional division of the immune system?

Active immunity Signup and view all the answers

What type of granules do granulocytes have?

Lysosomes and specific granules Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Hassall corpuscles in the thymus?

To control the activity of local dendritic cells and development of regulatory T cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of T cell production in the thymus?

Cortex Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leukocyte has a bilobed nucleus?

Eosinophil Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the barrier between the cortex and medulla of the thymus?

Corticomedullary barrier Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leukocyte has a kidney-shaped nucleus?

Monocyte Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of leukocyte counts in the blood from highest to lowest?

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which leukocytes migrate out of the blood vessels and into the tissues?

Diapedesis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Biology

The cell has various organelles, including mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, and proteasomes.
Mitochondria have inner and outer membranes, with the inner membrane forming cristae to increase surface area for ATP production.
Peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes and are involved in beta-oxidation, H2O2 production, and detoxification.
Lysosomes have a membrane-bound acidic compartment for intracellular digestion and contain hydrolytic enzymes.
Proteasomes are cylinder-shaped with no membrane and degrade denatured, non-functional, or unneeded proteins.

Tissue Types

There are four basic tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
Epithelial tissue covers organs and forms glands, while connective tissue provides support and connects organs.
Muscle tissue is responsible for movement, and nervous tissue is responsible for transmission and integration of signals.

Embryonic Germ Layers

There are three embryonic germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
Ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system, skin, and sensory organs.
Mesoderm forms muscle, bone, connective tissue, blood vessels, and the dermis.
Endoderm develops into the gut tube epithelium and luminal epithelial derivatives.

Germ Layer Derivatives

A comprehensive list of germ layer derivatives can be found in the appendix.

Compound Glands

Compound glands have multiple secretory units that converge to form larger ducts.
Examples include the pancreas, salivary glands, and mucous glands in the duodenum.

Cell Structure and Function

Cells have different structures and functions, such as fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, and mast cells.
Fibroblasts produce ground substance and extracellular fibers, while adipocytes store neutral fats and have a single huge lipid droplet.
Macrophages are involved in phagocytosis and immune functions, and mast cells release heparin, histamine, and cytokines.

Cartilage

Cartilage growth involves interstitial and appositional growth, with chondroblasts differentiating from mesenchymal cells.
Cartilage degeneration involves calcification, age-related changes, and poor capacity for repair.

Bone Matrix

Bone matrix consists of inorganic components (calcium hydroxyapatite, non-crystalline calcium phosphate, and ions) and organic components (type I collagen, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins).

Lymphoid and Immune System

The immune system has two functional divisions: innate immunity (non-specific, mediated by granulocytes) and adaptive immunity (specific, mediated by lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells).
Leukocytes are divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes, with granulocytes having polymorphic nuclei and cytoplasmic granules.
Agranulocytes lack specific granules but have some lysosomes, with spherical, non-lobulated nuclei.

Thymus

The thymus is a bilobed mediastinal structure where T cells are produced, originating from the 3rd pharyngeal pouches (endoderm).
The thymus has a cortex (outer darkly basophilic portion with T lymphoblasts, macrophages, and thymic epithelial cells) and medulla (lightly-stained inner portion with mature lymphocytes and TECs).
Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are diverse and important for the development and activity of regulatory T cells.

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Review the components and functions of mitochondria, including the outer and inner membranes, cristae, and matrix.