Lecture 6 hard

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in cells?

To produce ATP, the usable form of energy (correct)

To store genetic information

To facilitate cell division

To synthesize proteins from ribosomes

Which structure of the mitochondria increases its surface area for ATP production?

Intermembrane space

Matrix

Cristae (correct)

Outer membrane

What characteristic of the outer mitochondrial membrane contributes to its function?

It contains numerous cristae

It is impermeable to all ions

It is porous and allows material transport (correct)

It holds the enzymes needed for ATP production

Which statement accurately describes the inner mitochondrial membrane?

It is folded into cristae to enhance ATP production Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of mitochondria having their own DNA and ribosomes?

They can independently replicate and synthesize proteins Signup and view all the answers

How does a larger surface area in mitochondria contribute to ATP production?

It increases the number of enzyme binding sites Signup and view all the answers

What role do the enzymes found in the mitochondrial matrix play?

They are crucial for ATP production Signup and view all the answers

What primary role does oxidative phosphorylation serve in eukaryotic cells?

Production of ATP from the energy stored in carbohydrates and fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the composition of the outer mitochondrial membrane?

It consists of 50% lipids and 50% protein. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of porins in the outer mitochondrial membrane?

To create pores for the passage of small molecules and metabolites. Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum molecular weight that molecules can have to pass through the outer membrane porins?

Between 5,000 and 10,000 Da Signup and view all the answers

How do eukaryotic cells primarily use the ATP produced through oxidative phosphorylation?

For movement, reproduction, and synthesis of compounds. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure does the outer membrane of mitochondria resemble in its morphological properties?

A sieve allowing significant filtration. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the inner membrane in relation to the ATP production process?

To compartmentalize the mitochondrial enzyme systems involved in ATP production. Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT associated with the ATP produced in eukaryotic cells?

Storage of genetic information. Signup and view all the answers

What feature of the inner membrane significantly increases its surface area?

Cristae Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding the lipid bilayer of the inner membrane is true?

It contains unusual phospholipids. Signup and view all the answers

What role do transport proteins in the inner membrane serve?

Facilitate selective permeability. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cristae in mitochondria?

Increase surface area for biochemical reactions. Signup and view all the answers

Which components are intercalated within the inner membrane?

Electron transport system components Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the intermembrane space?

It is located between the inner and outer membranes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the structure of the inner membrane?

Highly infolded with numerous cristae Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'intercristal space' refer to?

The area enclosed by the inner membrane containing the matrix Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells typically possess tubular cristae?

Steroid-secreting cells Signup and view all the answers

What role do the large matrix granules play in the mitochondrial matrix?

They regulate mitochondrial calcium ion concentration. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with mitochondrial diseases?

High blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What type of genetic material is found within the mitochondrial matrix?

circular DNA Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions is primarily associated with the enzymes in the mitochondrial matrix?

Citric acid cycle (Krebs) Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondrial diseases are most closely linked to mutations in which type of DNA?

Mitochondrial nuclear DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cristae in the mitochondrion?

Increasing the surface area for chemical reactions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about mitochondrial ribosomes is true?

They resemble bacterial ribosomes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can occur due to mitochondrial malfunction?

Chronic fatigue Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the outer membrane of the mitochondrion from the inner membrane?

The outer membrane is more permeable. Signup and view all the answers

Which mitochondrial component contributes to the matrix's function in protein and DNA synthesis?

Ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

What primarily distinguishes sap vacuoles from other types of vacuoles?

They maintain osmotic pressure and turgidity in plant cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the tonoplast is accurate?

It separates the contents of the vacuole from the cytoplasm. Signup and view all the answers

In which type of cell would you most likely find a large central vacuole?

Plant cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of contractile vacuoles?

To expel excess water from cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is NOT typically found in vacuoles?

Oxygens Signup and view all the answers

What role does anthocyanin play in sap vacuoles?

It serves as a pigment important for color in plants. Signup and view all the answers

How are vacuoles formed within the cell?

By the end of the cistanea of the Golgi apparatus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary content of food vacuoles?

Sugars and nutrients Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of vacuoles?

They are always present in animal cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vacuole is known for its role in excreting excess water?

Contractile vacuoles Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mitochondria Overview

Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles known as the "powerhouse of the cell."
They produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the usable form of energy for cells.
Enzymes convert energy from carbohydrates and fatty acids into ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

Structure of Mitochondria

Composed of an outer and inner membrane.
The outer membrane is smooth and porous, allowing small molecules to pass.
The inner membrane is highly folded into cristae, increasing surface area for ATP production.
Contains a matrix rich in enzymes necessary for ATP synthesis and has its own DNA and ribosomes, enabling protein synthesis.

Function of Mitochondria

ATP produced is vital for cellular functions such as movement, reproduction, and synthesis of compounds.
Plays a crucial role in the oxidation of organic molecules to generate energy.

Outer Membrane Characteristics

Composed of 50% lipids and 50% proteins.
Contains transmembrane proteins called porins that form channels for small molecules.
Allows the passage of molecules with molecular weights up to 10,000 Da.

Inner Membrane Characteristics

Contains long folds (cristae) to enhance surface area.
Lipid composition varies and includes unusual phospholipids.
Highly impermeable to ions and selectively permeable to required small molecules.
Houses components of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase activity.

Membrane-Limited Spaces

Creates intermembrane space between the inner and outer membranes.
The matrix space is enclosed by the inner membrane and contains the mitochondrial matrix.

Mitochondrial Matrix

Composed of water, solutes, and matrix granules for calcium ion concentration regulation.
Contains circular DNA and ribosomes.
Enzymes in the matrix are involved in critical processes including the citric acid cycle and lipid oxidation.

Mitochondrial Diseases

Include over 40 conditions linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, due to mutations in nuclear or mitochondrial DNA.
Symptoms vary based on affected tissues, including muscle weakness, digestive problems, and developmental delays.

Vacuoles Overview

Non-cytoplasmic areas in cells, separated by a membrane known as tonoplast.
Store water, minerals, and other substances; vital for structure and osmotic pressure.

Types of Vacuoles

Sap Vacuoles: Abundant in plant cells for storing sap, maintaining turgidity, and osmotic pressure.
Contractile Vacuoles: Expandable and collapsible; help segregate substances and maintain osmotic balance.
Food Vacuoles: Store nutrients and participate in digestion via phagocytosis.
Air Vacuoles: Found in prokaryotes; store gases for buoyancy and structural strength.

Functions of Chloroplasts

Key roles in photosynthesis and synthesis of nucleic acids, proteins, fatty acids, and vitamins.

Peroxisomes

Single-membrane spherical organelles involved in hydrogen peroxide metabolism.
Contain oxidases that produce hydrogen peroxide and catalases that break it down.
Enzymes in peroxisomes assist in various metabolic reactions, including lipid degradation.

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Description

This quiz covers the essential aspects of mitochondria, often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell. It focuses on their structure, including the outer and inner membranes, and their critical role in energy production through ATP synthesis.