Mitochondria and Cellular Metabolism Quiz

<p>By producing ATP and NADPH needed for new biomass generation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is thrown into cristae, increasing surface area. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contribute to signaling involving estrogens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through binary fission. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can carry mutations that affect all descendant cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP biosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria can constitute up to 25% of the cell volume in non-phototrophic organisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Link reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Henneguya zschokkei (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inner membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It drives ATP biosynthesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Krebs cycle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP phosphohydrolase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Site of photosynthesis and ATP synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromoplasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aging and senescence of chloroplasts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amyloplasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initiation of apoptosis upon breakdown (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlorophyll pigments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rich in cardiolipin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By triggering apoptosis and releasing signaling compounds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leucoplasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serving as the site of the Krebs cycle and pyruvate oxidation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chloroplasts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>23S rRNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They consist of 70S and can synthesize mitochondrial proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiolipin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initiation of apoptosis is triggered (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>16.5 kbp (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chl a, Chl b, xanthophylls and carotenes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Granum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each thylakoid has a space inside it referred to as the lumen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Granum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intermembrane space (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Green (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chl a, Chl b, Chl c, xanthophylls and carotenes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stroma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase surface area for ATP production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromoplasts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chl a, xanthophylls, carotenes, and phycobilins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bind protons and maintain Δp (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Matrix (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lycopene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mtDNA is inherited maternally; cpDNA is maternally or paternally (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elaioplast (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main function of mitochondria is to generate energy for the cell through cellular respiration.

The process where mitochondria generate energy occurs on the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

Mitochondrial respiration involves a proton gradient across the inner membrane, driving ATP production by ATP synthase.

The Kreb's cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, utilizing pyruvate from glycolysis to generate energy.

Mitochondria can vary in number per cell, ranging from zero in some cells like erythrocytes to thousands in others like hepatocytes.

Some organisms, like the flagellate Monocercomonoides exilis and the myxosporean Henneguya zschokkei, have completely lost or modified mitochondria, highlighting their evolutionary significance.

Mitochondria are present in most Eukarya, contributing significantly to the cell's overall volume, particularly in non-photosynthetic organisms.

The evolutionary history of mitochondria suggests their origin from a symbiotic relationship with bacteria, providing insights into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.

When oxygen is limited, cells switch to fermentation, where pyruvate is converted to lactate, generating NADH for anabolic processes. The only ATP produced is from glycolysis.

A process where mitochondria use their proton gradient to generate heat instead of ATP. This is crucial during cold temperatures.

Mitochondria are the primary storage and release points for calcium ions, which are essential for signaling in cells.

Mitochondria provide essential building blocks (ATP and NADPH) for cell division, regulating the rate at which cells reproduce.

Mitochondria play a crucial role in apoptosis, or programmed cell death, by releasing specific signaling molecules.

Mitochondria produce and store key molecules for the synthesis of steroid hormones, like estrogen.

Mitochondria play a role in the production of heme, a component of hemoglobin in red blood cells.

These small, circular pieces of DNA are located within the mitochondrial matrix and contain genes essential for mitochondrial function.

The outer membrane of a mitochondrion is like the cell's own membrane, with similar composition and functions, but with additional enzymes and transport proteins.

The outer membrane is crucial for mitochondrial function and cell survival. Its breakdown can trigger programmed cell death.

The inner membrane is where the energy production machinery of the mitochondrion resides, housing electron transport and ATP synthesis.

Cardiolipin, a unique lipid in the inner membrane, helps maintain the proton gradient crucial for energy production.

The intermembrane space is a compartment between the inner and outer membranes, where a proton gradient is established for ATP synthesis.

The mitochondrial matrix is the gel-like substance within the inner membrane, containing enzymes for vital metabolic processes, including the Kreb's cycle.

Human mtDNA contains genes that can cause diseases when damaged, highlighting the importance of its integrity.

Plastids are membrane-bound organelles found in plant cells and some algae. They are responsible for photosynthesis, storing pigments, and producing various molecules.

Chloroplasts are the type of plastid responsible for photosynthesis. They contain chlorophyll, the pigment that captures light energy.

Rhodoplasts are plastids found in red algae. They contain pigments like phycoerythrin, which absorbs blue light and allows red algae to live in deep water.

Cyanoplasts, also known as cyanelles or muroplasts, are plastids found in Glaucophyta algae. They are very similar to cyanobacteria, suggesting a close evolutionary relationship.

Etioplasts are immature chloroplasts that have not yet been exposed to light. They lack chlorophyll and are typically found in plant seedlings before they emerge from the soil.

Gerontoplasts are senescing chloroplasts that are breaking down. This occurs as plants age or during the fall season.

Chromoplasts are plastids that synthesize and store pigments other than chlorophyll. They give fruits and flowers their vibrant colors.

Leucoplasts are plastids that store various substances, like starch, fats, and proteins. There are different types of leucoplasts based on their storage function.

The internal fluid-filled space of a chloroplast, similar to the cytoplasm of a cell but containing special molecules for photosynthesis.

A stack of flattened, disc-like sacs called thylakoids found within chloroplasts, where light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place.

A single, flattened, disc-like sac within a chloroplast, where the chlorophyll resides and light-dependent reactions occur. Think of a small coin or disc shaped like a tiny bag.

The space enclosed within a thylakoid, where the protons accumulate during photosynthesis.

Photosynthetic organelles found in plant cells and algae, responsible for capturing light energy to synthesize sugars.

Organelles in some algae resembling chloroplasts, but containing different photosynthetic pigments, giving them a reddish hue.

A type of thylakoid that is located in the stroma of a chloroplast and connects grana to each other.

The circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts, containing genes for chloroplast functions.

The inner membrane of the mitochondrion folds inward to create shelf-like structures called cristae. These cristae increase the surface area of the inner membrane, allowing for more space for the electron transport chains and ATP synthases involved in energy production.

Mitochondria are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells. They are the powerhouses of the cell, generating energy through cellular respiration. They produce ATP, the primary energy currency of the cell.

The outer membrane of the mitochondrion is a phospholipid bilayer similar to the cell membrane, but with additional proteins for transporting molecules in and out.

The inner membrane surrounds the mitochondrial matrix. It's highly folded and contains the electron transport chain, ATP synthase, carrier proteins, and other enzymes crucial for energy production.

mtDNA is a small, circular molecule of DNA found within the mitochondrial matrix. It encodes for some mitochondrial proteins, rRNA, and tRNA.

Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and some algae. They are responsible for photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

The inner membrane of the chloroplast is folded into flattened sacs called thylakoids, which are stacked into structures called grana. It's where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur.

Chloroplasts contain a fluid-filled space called the stroma, where the Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions of photosynthesis) occurs. It also houses chloroplast DNA (cpDNA).