Mite Diseases: Mange Overview
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Questions and Answers

What type of disease is Canine demodicosis primarily associated with?

  • Viral infection leading to weight loss
  • Parasitic infestation of the skin
  • Inflammation and swelling of hair follicles (correct)
  • Bacterial infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes

Which characteristic is unique to the genus Cheyletiella?

  • Only larval stages are parasitic
  • Palpal claws used for movement (correct)
  • Presence of elongated body sections
  • Podosoma and opisthoma differentiation

What is a major consequence of a Dermanyssus infestation in birds?

  • Hematophagous feeding leading to anemia (correct)
  • Weight gain and enhanced appetite
  • Reproductive success in spring
  • Excessive feather growth

Which of the following statements is true about Neotrombicula autumnalis?

<p>Only larval stages are parasitic. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disease is caused by the mite species Varroa destructor?

<p>Deformed wing virus in honey bees (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species is responsible for causing sarcoptic mange in humans and most animals?

<p>Sarcoptes scabei (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the infective stage for Sarcoptes scabei?

<p>Nymphs or fertilized females (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is associated with the genus Psoroptes?

<p>Psoroptic mange (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key morphological difference between Sarcoptes and Psoroptes mites?

<p>Psoroptes has suckers with 3 jointed appendixes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do Sarcoptes mites primarily reside on their host?

<p>Epidermis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species primarily causes otodectic mange in cats?

<p>Octodectes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is NOT typically associated with psoroptic mange?

<p>Scabbing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mites is known for affecting the beak, feathers, and legs of birds?

<p>Knemidocoptes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the arthropod exoskeleton?

<p>Provides rigidity and muscle insertion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes complete metamorphosis in arthropods?

<p>Egg → larvae → pupal stage → adult (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are located inside the arthropod cuticle?

<p>Microtrichia and setae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of dioecious organisms in arthropods?

<p>They have separate male and female sexes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of an arthropod is responsible for sensory functions and grasping food?

<p>Head (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stage of the Sarcoptes scabei life cycle is responsible for causing infection?

<p>Nymphs or fertilised females (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature distinguishes the morphology of Psoroptes ovis from Sarcoptes scabei?

<p>Pointed capitulum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do Demodex mites primarily reside on their host?

<p>Hair follicles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which non-mange producing mite is known to have nocturnal feeding habits?

<p>Dermanyssus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the infectious stage of Neotrombicula autumnalis?

<p>Only larval stages are parasitic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the chelicerae of Octodectes mites?

<p>No jointed appendix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organisms primarily suffer from psoroptic mange?

<p>Ungulates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the body does the Sarcoptes mite predominantly cause infection?

<p>Epidermis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of arachnids?

<p>Wings present (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disease is caused by Cheyletiella blackei in cats?

<p>Walking dandruff (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key distinction between Mallophaga and Anoplura in terms of morphology?

<p>Mallophaga have a head equal in width to the thorax. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following feeding habits is characteristic of Siphonaptera?

<p>Direct access to blood vessels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genus is specifically known to be a vector for Dipylidium caninum in dogs?

<p>Trichodectes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What lifecycle characteristic is notable in fleas (Siphonaptera)?

<p>Immature stages compose 5% of the total population. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes female flies from males in the context of blood feeding?

<p>Only females are hematophagous. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the sensilium found in flea anatomy?

<p>For sensory perception. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of halteres in adults flies?

<p>To detect changes in body rotation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of metamorphosis do mosquitoes (Nematocera) undergo?

<p>Holometabolous (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a host for the mallophagan genera listed?

<p>Xenopsylla (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genus is NOT known for causing myiasis?

<p>Phlebotomus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do fleas (Siphonaptera) survive in the absence of a host?

<p>They can live for years without feeding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What denotes the life cycle stage where flies emerge from a cocoon?

<p>Adult stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of semi-specific myiasis?

<p>Eggs are laid in open wounds or ulcers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mosquito genus is primarily responsible for transmitting malaria?

<p>Anopheles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes females of the Culicidae family from males?

<p>They have pilose antennae. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Gasterophilus intestinalis complete its life cycle?

<p>Through ingestion of larvae by the host. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of myiasis is caused by Oestrus ovis?

<p>Specific myiasis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which habitat do pupae of flies typically develop?

<p>In soil. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of oral hooks in the larvae stage of flies?

<p>To anchor them in the digestive tract. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of larvae stage is primarily responsible for causing myiasis?

<p>Third-stage larvae. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is involved in detecting CO2, temperature, and vibrations in ticks?

<p>Haller's organ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the life cycle of hard ticks?

<p>All stages of hard ticks are parasitic. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature between hard ticks and soft ticks?

<p>Hard ticks have a visible capitulum; soft ticks do not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of female soft ticks during reproduction?

<p>They exhibit hyperprolific reproduction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hosts does the genus Ornithodoros primarily transmit diseases from?

<p>Mammals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of morphology, which of the following is unique to hard ticks?

<p>Presence of a scutum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the feeding process of lice?

<p>They enter directly into blood vessels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the complete life cycle of hard ticks starting from an egg?

<p>Egg → larvae → nymph → adults (male and female) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species of Ixodes is known to transmit Lyme disease?

<p>Ixodes ricinus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature distinguishes the class Insecta?

<p>Three pairs of legs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique feature of lice compared to other insects?

<p>They are permanent parasites. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do females of the genus Haematopinus reproduce?

<p>By laying eggs called nits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major impact of parasitic ticks on their hosts?

<p>Causing paralysis through toxin injection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the feeding habit of lice that have solenophagous mouthparts?

<p>They have a specialized means to directly puncture and feed from blood vessels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Demodex mites

Microscopic mites that live in hair follicles and sebaceous glands.

Canine demodicosis

A skin disease caused by Demodex mites in dogs, often affecting immunocompromised animals.

Dermanyssus mites

Nocturnal mites that feed on blood; often infest birds, sometimes humans.

Varroa mites

Mites that infest honeybees, transmitting diseases like Deformed Wing Virus (DWV).

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Cheyletiella blackei

Mites called "walking dandruff mites" that affect cats.

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Sarcoptic Mange

A skin disease caused by the Sarcoptes scabei mite, characterized by intense itching, scabbing, and hair loss.

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Sarcoptes scabei

A species of mite that causes sarcoptic mange in various animals, including humans.

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Psoroptic Mange

A skin disease caused by the Psoroptes ovis mite, affecting ungulates and sometimes rabbits; characterised by hair loss, but NO scabbing.

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Psoroptes ovis

A mite species known to cause psoroptic mange in animals like ungulates and occasionally rabbits.

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Otodectic Mange

A mite-caused ear infection mainly seen in cats.

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Knemidocoptes mites

Mites that affect birds' beaks, feathers, and legs. They resemble sarcoptes, but have smaller feet.

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Burrowing Mites

Mites that burrow into the skin to lay eggs and feed.

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Ectoparasites

Parasites that live on the surface of the host.

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Arthropod Exoskeleton Function

The exoskeleton serves as a protective outer layer, provides points for muscle attachment, and gives the arthropod its rigid shape.

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What are microtrichia and setae?

Microtrichia are tiny hair-like structures on the arthropod's cuticle that transmit sensory information. Setae are larger hairs connected to neurons, also serving as sensory receptors.

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What is a 'cuticle'?

The exoskeleton of arthropods is called a cuticle. It's not made of cells, but rather layered material with protein, calcium salts, and chitin, a tough, flexible polysaccharide.

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What are the layers of the exoskeleton?

The exoskeleton has layers: the seta, epicuticle, procuticle, and basal membrane. The basal membrane secretes the materials to build the cuticle.

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What is molting?

Molting is the process where arthropods shed their old exoskeleton to allow growth. Hormones control this process.

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What are spiracles?

Tiny holes on the exoskeleton of some arthropods, used for breathing. They allow air to enter directly into the tracheal system, bypassing any lungs.

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What is tracheal respiration?

A type of respiration in arthropods, characterized by a network of air tubes called tracheae. The tracheae branch extensively throughout the body, carrying oxygen directly to tissues.

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What is a chelicerae?

A pair of appendages found in arachnids, which are used for biting and injecting venom into prey or host.

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What is the capitulum?

The 'head' region of a mite. It contains the mouthparts and palps.

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What is the idiosome?

The main body of a mite, excluding the capitulum.

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What is an opisthosoma?

The posterior (rear) part of the mite's body, located after the legs.

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What is the infective stage for Sarcoptes scabei?

The infective stage for Sarcoptes scabei is either a nymph or a fertilized female mite.

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What is the difference between Sarcoptes and Psoroptes mites?

Sarcoptes mites are smaller, rounder, and burrow directly into the epidermis, causing scabbing. Psoroptes mites are larger, have longer legs and don't burrow into the epidermis, causing hair loss but no scabbing.

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What are the main characteristics of the mites that cause mange?

They are microscopic, have 4 pairs of legs in the adults, and have a capitulum (head) with mouthparts for feeding. However, they differ in their specific morphology, life cycle, and preferred location on the host.

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What is demodicosis?

A skin disease caused by Demodex mites, usually found in hair follicles and sebaceous glands.

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Mallophaga

Chewing lice that are permanent parasites of mammals and birds. They feed on hairs, feathers, sebaceous glands, and sometimes blood.

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Goniocotes

A genus of chewing lice commonly found on poultry. The species Goniocotes gallinae is particularly prevalent.

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Trichodectes

A genus of chewing lice that infest dogs. They are an intermediate host for the tapeworm Dipylidium caninum.

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Felicola

A genus of chewing lice that infests cats.

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Siphonaptera

Fleas - Small, laterally compressed insects that are wingless and have powerful hind legs for jumping. They undergo complete metamorphosis.

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Xenopsylla

A genus of fleas that are vectors of the bubonic plague (Yersinia pestis).

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Ctenocephalides

A genus of fleas that can transmit filarial worms and Dipylidium caninum, a tapeworm.

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Diptera

Flies - Insects with a single pair of wings and a segmented body. Some larval stages can cause myiasis (infestation of living tissue).

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Culicidae

True mosquitoes

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Anopheles

A genus of mosquitoes that are vectors of malaria.

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Telomophagus

A feeding strategy where insects consume exposed blood, avoiding blood vessels.

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Hematophagus

Describes insects that feed on blood.

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What are genital claspers?

Specialized structures in male insects used to hold the female during mating.

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Prothoracic spiracles

Breathing openings located on the prothorax region of insect larvae.

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Oral hooks

Sharp hooks present on the mouthparts of insect larvae, used for feeding and anchoring.

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Ptilium

A small, wing-like structure present on the pupae of flies.

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Frontal suture

A distinct groove or line that runs across the front of the pupa's head.

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Halteres

Small, club-shaped organs on the thorax of flies that help them sense their body's position during flight.

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Ocellus

Simple eyes on the top of a fly's head that detect light intensity and position.

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Myasis

Condition where insect larvae live in living tissue.

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Capitulum

The head region of a tick, located dorsally and containing important mouthparts like the chelicerae, maxilar palps, and hypostome.

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Chelicerae

Pair of claw-like structures on the capitulum used to grasp and pierce the host's skin.

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Maxilar Palps

Sensory organs located on the capitulum, which detect environmental stimuli, like temperature and chemicals.

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Hypostome

A barbed structure located within the capitulum, used to attach to and anchor the tick into the host's skin.

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Scutum

The dorsal shield of a tick, covering the body and providing protection.

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Festoons

Rounded projections or balls on the edge of the tick's scutum, sometimes present as ornamentation.

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What is the difference between the scutum of a female tick and a male tick?

The scutum covers the entire body of a male tick, while a female tick's scutum is incomplete, allowing expansion to drink more blood.

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Haller's organ

A sensory organ on the last segment of the first pair of limbs, detecting CO2, temperature, and vibrations.

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Tick life cycle

A complex process involving four stages: egg, larva, nymph, and adult. Each stage requires feeding on a host to progress.

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1 Host Cycle

All stages of the tick life cycle are completed on the same host.

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2 Host Cycle

The larvae and adult stages are on two different hosts.

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3 Host Cycle

The larvae, nymph, and adult stages are on three different hosts.

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Ixodes

A genus of hard tick known to transmit Lyme disease, Ehrlichia, and Tularemia.

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Rhipicephalus

A genus of hard ticks, known to be very common and to transmit various diseases like Babesia canis, Hepatozoon canis, and Ehrlichia canis.

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Soft Tick vs. Hard Tick

Soft ticks have a ventrally located capitulum and lack a scutum, unlike hard ticks which have a dorsally visible capitulum and a well-defined scutum.

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Study Notes

Mange-Producing Mites

  • Genus: Sarcoptes
    • Species: Sarcoptes scabei affects many animals, including humans
    • Disease: Sarcoptic mange
    • Infective stage: Nymphs or fertilized females (through direct contact or fomites)
  • Morphology:
    • Rounded body with setae and spines
    • Round capitulum (head)
    • Suckers on limbs (number and arrangement differ between sexes)
    • Pedicels on legs (number and arrangement differ between sexes)
  • Life cycle: Egg → larva → nymph stages (protonymph, deuteronymph, tritonymph) → adults
    • Males fertilize deuteronymphs, allowing females to lay eggs
  • Location: Epidermis (burrowing mite)
    • Females burrow into skin layers to lay eggs and feces
    • Larvae develop into nymphs, then adults
    • Males seek out deuteronymphs for fertilization

Psoroptic Mites

  • Genus: Psoroptes
    • Species: Psoroptes ovis
    • Disease: Psoroptic mange
    • Infective stage: Adults
  • Morphology:
    • Longer legs than Sarcoptes
    • Pointed capitulum (head)
    • Suckers with three jointed appendixes
    • Males are shorter than females
  • Location:
    • Areas with wool or fur. ears are particularly vulnerable.
    • Uses mouthparts and chelicerae to damage skin and feed on lymph

Otodectic Mites

  • Genus: Otodectes
    • Species: N/A
    • Disease: Otodectic mange
    • Infectious stage: N/A
  • Morphology:
    • Similar to Psoroptes but suckers have no jointed appendix and a less rounded capitulum
    • Feeds on lymph
  • Location: Ears (especially common in cats)

Knemidocoptes Mites

  • Genus: Knemidocoptes
    • Species: N/A
    • Disease: N/A
  • Morphology: Similar to Sarcoptes with smaller feet
  • Location: beak, feathers, and legs of birds

Demodex Mites

  • Genus: Demodex
    • Species: D. folliculorum, D. canis, D. bovis...
    • Disease: Demodicosis (e.g., canine demodicosis)

Cheyletiella Mites

  • Genus: Cheyletiella
    • Species: Cheyletiella blackei (cats)
    • Known as: "walking dandruff mites"
  • Morphology: Palpal claws
  • Location: Wide range in various mammals

Neotrombicula Mites

  • Genus: Neotrombicula
    • Species: Neotrombicula autumnalis
    • Parasitic stage: only larval stages (nymphs and adults not parasitic)
    • Common: Late summer/fall

Non-Mange Producing Mites (Other Mites)

  • Genus: Dermanyssus
    • Species: Dermanyssus gallinae
    • Disease: Dermanyssus infestation/red mite infestation
    • Morphology: Gnathosoma; elongated maxipalps, spiracles (after coxa), Females are larger than males
    • Characteristics: Nocturnal, hematophagous (bites animals)
  • Genus: Varroa
    • Species: Varroa destructor
    • Disease: Varroosis
    • Species: Affects honey bees; vector of DWV

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Description

This quiz covers the essential information about mange-producing mites, focusing on the genera Sarcoptes and Psoroptes. Learn about their morphology, life cycle, and the diseases they cause in various animals, including humans. Test your knowledge on this important topic in parasitology.

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