Mississippi Studies Chapter 2 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What did the southern environment provide for the Indians?

a bounty of food

The Indians developed an extensive what?

agriculture

What was the staple crop of the Indians?

maize/corn

Where did the Indians store their corn?

granaries Signup and view all the answers

Why were storage granaries guarded at all costs?

to keep from European intruders Signup and view all the answers

Native agriculture was supplemented by what?

hunting and fishing Signup and view all the answers

Native Mississippians developed many indigenous ________ and fishing techniques that are still used today.

trapping Signup and view all the answers

What was not native to the United States that De Soto brought over from Europe?

hogs Signup and view all the answers

What were Spanish soldiers called?

Conquistadors Signup and view all the answers

What did De Soto bring to feed his conquistadors?

swine Signup and view all the answers

What was the dominant language of Indians in the Southeast?

Muskogean Signup and view all the answers

The southeastern Indian nation did not have a what language?

written Signup and view all the answers

The southeast Indians developed a form of written communication called?

pictography Signup and view all the answers

Pictography was a system of what?

pictures and symbols Signup and view all the answers

Mississippi tribes were matrilineal, which means?

they traced the line of their descendants by their mother rather than their father Signup and view all the answers

The Indians based their social organization on the?

clan system Signup and view all the answers

They worshipped many some of whom were believed to be kind and others were believed to be .

spirits, evil Signup and view all the answers

Their religious beliefs were closely tied to their?

natural habitat Signup and view all the answers

The most important ritual among the southeastern Indians was the?

Green corn ceremony Signup and view all the answers

_________ traditions among the different Indian nations varied widely.

burial Signup and view all the answers

Only the Natchez practiced human _____ among the death of a tribal chief.

sacrifice Signup and view all the answers

The Chickasaw usually bury the dead with their favorite?

possessions Signup and view all the answers

The Choctaw first laid the dead on a raised _ to allow the body to ____.

platform, decompose Signup and view all the answers

Specially trained people called _ __ remove the flesh from the skeleton before it was buried.

bone pickers Signup and view all the answers

Among Mississippi Indians, and other sporting events were popular.

organize games Signup and view all the answers

The most popular sport among Mississippi Indians was?

Stickball Signup and view all the answers

Most Mississippi tribes were organized by towns and?

villagers or settlements Signup and view all the answers

Both Choctaw and Chickasaw developed a tribal?

council Signup and view all the answers

The tribal council was composed of?

chief or men/mingos Signup and view all the answers

The mingos ruled the nation with the advice of?

tribal elders Signup and view all the answers

The rule of law among Mississippi Indians followed custom and?

traditions Signup and view all the answers

Important council meetings were usually opened by smoking the?

peace pipe Signup and view all the answers

The three large tribes in Mississippi were?

The Natchez, Choctaw, and Chickasaw Signup and view all the answers

What did smaller tribes do?

they migrated from place to place Signup and view all the answers

What did small tribes do for protection?

they merged with larger tribes Signup and view all the answers

Migration of smaller tribes was sometimes caused by _ on the smaller tribes by European ____ or by larger tribes that were allied with slave traders.

raids, slave traders Signup and view all the answers

The first report to a tribe called the _______ was made in 1682 by La Salle during his voyage from the French colonies in Canada down to the Mississippi river.

Natchez Signup and view all the answers

On the historic voyage, La Salle ____ all the land drained by the Mississippi river for France, naming it in honor of King Louis XVI.

claimed Signup and view all the answers

At the top of the Natchez social structure was the?

Great Sun Signup and view all the answers

In the Natchez tribe, the Great Sun was the hereditary ______ of all the tribe.

chief Signup and view all the answers

The Great Sun was the ______ chief but did not have binding authority over the five villages or settlement districts.

ceremonial Signup and view all the answers

Villages were traditionally run by?

their own chiefs Signup and view all the answers

Natchez established villages along the?

loess bluffs Signup and view all the answers

The Natchez also built several?

sacred mounds Signup and view all the answers

The most important sacred mound of the Natchez was called the?

Emerald mound Signup and view all the answers

Colonists set out among the Natchez.

French Signup and view all the answers

The French observed the Natchez's ______ of human sacrifice (when the Great Sun died).

customs Signup and view all the answers

The French tried to persuade the Natchez to abandon their?

human sacrifice traditions Signup and view all the answers

The Natchez and French were _______ toward each other.

hostile Signup and view all the answers

As the French population _ and encroachment on farmland and hunting grounds expanded, several tribal chiefs joined the Natchez in an attempt to drive the French from the _ ___.

increased, Indian, lower Mississippi Valley Signup and view all the answers

In 1729, the Natchez ______ the French at Fort Rosalie, killing about 200 Frenchmen and taking many prisoners.

attacked Signup and view all the answers

The next year, the French and their Choctaw allies recaptured Fort Rosalie and killed and captured most of the?

Natchez Signup and view all the answers

The ______ were the second largest nation among the southeastern Indians.

Choctaw Signup and view all the answers

The Choctaw were the most _______ nation.

agricultural Signup and view all the answers

The Choctaw Indians were allies with the ______. They usually allied with the?

British Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first European to encounter the Choctaw Indians?

Hernando de Soto Signup and view all the answers

How did the Choctaw lose their land to the Europeans?

it was either sold or lost Signup and view all the answers

During the colonial period, the ______ were clustered in several villages called long town in North Mississippi and numbered about 4500.

Chickasaw Signup and view all the answers

The Chickasaw social and political structure was ______ to the Choctaw.

similar Signup and view all the answers

The Choctaw were more peaceful and than the Chickasaw, who were and _.

agrarian, hunters, warriors Signup and view all the answers

The Chickasaw were ______ allies.

English Signup and view all the answers

The Chickasaw were actively involved with the English and Indian?

slave trade Signup and view all the answers

After the ______ attacked Fort Rosalie in 1729, the Chickasaw allowed members of the Natchez nation who escaped to live among them.

Natchez Signup and view all the answers

For the next several years, ______ officials at New Orleans and Mobile considered launching an attack against the Chickasaw for giving refuge to the Natchez.

French Signup and view all the answers

The French wanted to stop the Chickasaw from interfering with?

French trade on the Mississippi river Signup and view all the answers

In 1736, the ______ mounted a major offensive against the Chickasaw.

French Signup and view all the answers

________ traders living among the Chickasaw taught them how to barricade their villages and prepare them for the approaching battle.

British Signup and view all the answers

Even as ______ of the British, the Chickasaw could not hold back the western expansion of the English colonies from the Atlantic Ocean.

allies Signup and view all the answers

Eventually, the Chickasaw were forced to sell their ancestral lands in Mississippi and move to?

Oklahoma Signup and view all the answers

In addition to the three major tribes, there were several _ or ___ that were located in the territory that is now Mississippi.

small tribes or bands Signup and view all the answers

In 1699, while searching for the mouth of the Mississippi river along the Gulf Coast, a small party of French explorers encountered the ______ Indians.

Acolapissa Signup and view all the answers

The ___ _, which spoke a dialect of the Siouan language, apparently migrated to the _ ___ from the Ohio Valley shortly before the French landed at Ship Island in 1699.

Biloxi Nation, Gulf Coast Signup and view all the answers

The _ were known as the _ people.

Chakchiuma, red crawfish Signup and view all the answers

The ______ who probably spoke the Tunican language numbered about 200 people and were living among the Natchez.

Grigra Signup and view all the answers

In the Muskogean language, the word _____ means 'people at the source of a stream.'

lbitoupa Signup and view all the answers

This is the name given to a small _______ of about 50 people who are closely related in language and culture to the Chickasaw.

band Signup and view all the answers

A small group of _ also lived with the __.

Koroa, Natchez Signup and view all the answers

The Koroa was also known as the?

dog people Signup and view all the answers

_____ were living in the upper Mississippi Valley during the French period.

Ofogoula Signup and view all the answers

What tribe was known as the bread people?

pascagoula tribe Signup and view all the answers

When the European explorers first mentioned the ____ nation in the 1680s, it was located on the lower Yazoo River near the Tunica.

Tiou Signup and view all the answers

The Tiou spoke what language?

Tunican Signup and view all the answers

Numbering about 1500 in 1698, the Tunica were the closest and most consistent _ among the Mississippi Indians.

French allies Signup and view all the answers

The _ _ was located on the south bank of a small river that flowed into the Mississippi River.

Yazoo Nation Signup and view all the answers

The Yazoo were closely associated with the Koroa and were _ _.

anti-French Signup and view all the answers

Most of the people who _ to Mississippi came to farm and grow _.

migrated, cotton Signup and view all the answers

When the farmers arrived in Mississippi, they found that the Choctaw and Chickasaw _____ much of the fertile soil.

occupied Signup and view all the answers

Many white farmers and politicians claimed that the _____ did not use the bountiful land as a creator had intended.

Indians Signup and view all the answers

Because the white farmers claimed that they did not use the land, this was the basis for both the state and federal policy known as the?

Indian removal Signup and view all the answers

The official Indian removal policy authorized the _ _ of thousands of Indians to Indian territory in what is now eastern Oklahoma.

forced removal Signup and view all the answers

The first removal of Indians from the southeastern United States began with the _______ and eventually included the Chickasaw, Creek, Cherokee, and Seminole from their ancestral lands.

Choctaw Signup and view all the answers

During the long and dangerous trek to the Indian territory in _____, many Indians died along the way.

Oklahoma Signup and view all the answers

The journey of the Indians that were forced to move from their homes is the?

Trail of Tears Signup and view all the answers

Through several _ _, Choctaw Indians ceded or sold their land to the United States.

land cessions Signup and view all the answers

In 1830, they _______ the remaining land in Mississippi for land in Indian territory.

exchanged Signup and view all the answers

Heads of the Choctaw families who wanted to remain in Mississippi were?

promised 640 acres of land plus the additional acres for each child Signup and view all the answers

Did the Choctaw receive the 640 acres of land they were promised?

very few did Signup and view all the answers

Which Indian families weren't given an opportunity to remain in Mississippi?

Chickasaw Signup and view all the answers

What did the Chickasaw do with their land in northern Mississippi?

they ceded their lands in 1832 Signup and view all the answers

What did the Chickasaw receive from the sales of their land?

no income Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Indigenous Agriculture and Environment

The southern environment provided a rich bounty of food for Native Americans.
Extensive agriculture was developed by the Indians, with maize (corn) serving as the staple crop.
Granaries were utilized for storing corn, which were closely guarded to prevent European intrusions.
Native agriculture was supplemented by hunting and fishing, showcasing a well-rounded subsistence strategy.

Cultural Practices and Communication

Mississippi tribes engaged in trapping and developed fishing techniques still in use today.
Muskogean was the dominant language among southeastern Indians, although they lacked a written language until pictography was developed.
Pictography was a form of communication using pictures and symbols.

Mississippian tribes operated under a matrilineal system, tracing lineage through mothers.
Their social organization was based on clan systems.
The tribes worshipped various spirits, believed to possess both good and evil attributes, closely tying their beliefs to the natural environment.
The Green Corn Ceremony was considered the most important ritual, reflecting their agricultural lifestyle.

Mourning and Burial Traditions

Different tribes had varied burial traditions; only the Natchez practiced human sacrifice following a chief's death.
Chickasaw typically buried their dead with favorite possessions, while Choctaw used raised platforms for decomposition before burial.
Burial customs often involved specially trained bone pickers who prepared bodies for interment.

Tribal Governance and Societal Organization

Villages were governed by chiefs, with a tribal council made up of chiefs or men/mingos to advise them.
Important council meetings began with the smoking of the peace pipe, fostering diplomatic relations.
Tribes such as the Natchez, Choctaw, and Chickasaw were prominent, with smaller tribes often merging with larger ones for protection.

European Encounter and Conflict

Hernando de Soto was the first European to encounter the Choctaw.
French colonists formed hostile relationships with Natchez, leading to conflicts and significant bloodshed in 1729.
The French aimed to reclaim control over trade and power, engaging in warfare against the Chickasaw, who had allied with the English.

Migration and Land Cessions

Migration of smaller tribes was often due to pressures from European slave traders or larger allied tribes.
The Choctaw and Chickasaw occupied much of the fertile soil in Mississippi, leading to conflicts over land ownership with incoming white settlers.
The Indian Removal policy forced Indigenous peoples into Indian Territory, primarily present-day Oklahoma, often resulting in immense suffering and the loss of life known as the Trail of Tears.

Impact on Tribes

The Choctaw ceded land through land cessions beginning in the 1830s, often in exchange for empty promises of land and resources.
While the Choctaw were somewhat compensated for their land, many families received little to no promised acreage.
The Chickasaw similarly ceded their lands in northern Mississippi without receiving adequate compensation.

Lasting Effects and Legacy

The legacy of Euro-American expansion and Indian removal has deeply affected Native American tribes' demographics, cultural practices, and socio-political structures in the southeastern United States.

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Test your knowledge on the key concepts from Mississippi Studies Chapter 2. This guided reading quiz focuses on the agricultural practices and environmental factors that shaped the lives of Native Indians in the region. Prepare for a deeper understanding of their staple crops and food storage methods.

Mississippi Studies Chapter 2 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What did the southern environment provide for the Indians?

The Indians developed an extensive what?

What was the staple crop of the Indians?

Where did the Indians store their corn?

Why were storage granaries guarded at all costs?

Native agriculture was supplemented by what?

Native Mississippians developed many indigenous ________ and fishing techniques that are still used today.

What was not native to the United States that De Soto brought over from Europe?

What were Spanish soldiers called?

What did De Soto bring to feed his conquistadors?

What was the dominant language of Indians in the Southeast?

The southeastern Indian nation did not have a what language?

The southeast Indians developed a form of written communication called?

Pictography was a system of what?

Mississippi tribes were matrilineal, which means?

The Indians based their social organization on the?

They worshipped many ________ some of whom were believed to be kind and others were believed to be ________.

Their religious beliefs were closely tied to their?

The most important ritual among the southeastern Indians was the?

_________ traditions among the different Indian nations varied widely.

Only the Natchez practiced human _____ among the death of a tribal chief.

The Chickasaw usually bury the dead with their favorite?

The Choctaw first laid the dead on a raised _____ to allow the body to ________.

Specially trained people called _____ ______ remove the flesh from the skeleton before it was buried.

Among Mississippi Indians, ______ ______ and other sporting events were popular.

The most popular sport among Mississippi Indians was?

Most Mississippi tribes were organized by towns and?

Both Choctaw and Chickasaw developed a tribal?

The tribal council was composed of?

The mingos ruled the nation with the advice of?

The rule of law among Mississippi Indians followed custom and?

Important council meetings were usually opened by smoking the?

The three large tribes in Mississippi were?

What did smaller tribes do?

What did small tribes do for protection?

Migration of smaller tribes was sometimes caused by _____ on the smaller tribes by European ______ ______ or by larger tribes that were allied with slave traders.

The first report to a tribe called the _______ was made in 1682 by La Salle during his voyage from the French colonies in Canada down to the Mississippi river.

On the historic voyage, La Salle ____ all the land drained by the Mississippi river for France, naming it in honor of King Louis XVI.

At the top of the Natchez social structure was the?

In the Natchez tribe, the Great Sun was the hereditary ______ of all the tribe.

The Great Sun was the ______ chief but did not have binding authority over the five villages or settlement districts.

Villages were traditionally run by?

Natchez established villages along the?

The Natchez also built several?

The most important sacred mound of the Natchez was called the?

Colonists set out among the Natchez.

The French observed the Natchez's ______ of human sacrifice (when the Great Sun died).

The French tried to persuade the Natchez to abandon their?

The Natchez and French were _______ toward each other.

As the French population _____ and encroachment on ______ farmland and hunting grounds expanded, several tribal chiefs joined the Natchez in an attempt to drive the French from the _______ ______ _____.

In 1729, the Natchez ______ the French at Fort Rosalie, killing about 200 Frenchmen and taking many prisoners.

The next year, the French and their Choctaw allies recaptured Fort Rosalie and killed and captured most of the?

The ______ were the second largest nation among the southeastern Indians.

The Choctaw were the most _______ nation.

The Choctaw Indians were allies with the ______. They usually allied with the?

Who was the first European to encounter the Choctaw Indians?

How did the Choctaw lose their land to the Europeans?

During the colonial period, the ______ were clustered in several villages called long town in North Mississippi and numbered about 4500.

The Chickasaw social and political structure was ______ to the Choctaw.

The Choctaw were more peaceful and ______ than the Chickasaw, who were ______ and _____.

The Chickasaw were ______ allies.

The Chickasaw were actively involved with the English and Indian?

After the ______ attacked Fort Rosalie in 1729, the Chickasaw allowed members of the Natchez nation who escaped to live among them.

For the next several years, ______ officials at New Orleans and Mobile considered launching an attack against the Chickasaw for giving refuge to the Natchez.

The French wanted to stop the Chickasaw from interfering with?

In 1736, the ______ mounted a major offensive against the Chickasaw.

________ traders living among the Chickasaw taught them how to barricade their villages and prepare them for the approaching battle.

Even as ______ of the British, the Chickasaw could not hold back the western expansion of the English colonies from the Atlantic Ocean.

Eventually, the Chickasaw were forced to sell their ancestral lands in Mississippi and move to?

In addition to the three major tribes, there were several _____ ______ or _____ that were located in the territory that is now Mississippi.

In 1699, while searching for the mouth of the Mississippi river along the Gulf Coast, a small party of French explorers encountered the ______ Indians.

The _____ _____, which spoke a dialect of the Siouan language, apparently migrated to the _____ _____ from the Ohio Valley shortly before the French landed at Ship Island in 1699.

The _________ were known as the ____ _________ people.

The ______ who probably spoke the Tunican language numbered about 200 people and were living among the Natchez.

In the Muskogean language, the word _____ means 'people at the source of a stream.'

This is the name given to a small _______ of about 50 people who are closely related in language and culture to the Chickasaw.

A small group of _____ also lived with the ______.

The Koroa was also known as the?

They worshipped many some of whom were believed to be kind and others were believed to be .

The Choctaw first laid the dead on a raised _ to allow the body to ____.

Specially trained people called _ __ remove the flesh from the skeleton before it was buried.

Among Mississippi Indians, and other sporting events were popular.

Migration of smaller tribes was sometimes caused by _ on the smaller tribes by European ____ or by larger tribes that were allied with slave traders.

As the French population _ and encroachment on farmland and hunting grounds expanded, several tribal chiefs joined the Natchez in an attempt to drive the French from the _ ___.

The Choctaw were more peaceful and than the Chickasaw, who were and _.

In addition to the three major tribes, there were several _ or ___ that were located in the territory that is now Mississippi.

The ___ _, which spoke a dialect of the Siouan language, apparently migrated to the _ ___ from the Ohio Valley shortly before the French landed at Ship Island in 1699.

The _ were known as the _ people.

A small group of _ also lived with the __.

Numbering about 1500 in 1698, the Tunica were the closest and most consistent _ among the Mississippi Indians.

The _ _ was located on the south bank of a small river that flowed into the Mississippi River.

The Yazoo were closely associated with the Koroa and were _ _.

Most of the people who _ to Mississippi came to farm and grow _.

The official Indian removal policy authorized the _ _ of thousands of Indians to Indian territory in what is now eastern Oklahoma.

Through several _ _, Choctaw Indians ceded or sold their land to the United States.