Miscellaneous Gram Negative Bacteria
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Questions and Answers

What is the type species of the genus Legionella?

  • Legionella filamentosa
  • Legionella pneumophila (correct)
  • Legionella motile
  • Legionella aeruginosa

    • What percentage of Legionella-associated cases are caused by Legionella pneumophila?

  • 85% (correct)
  • 60%
  • 90%
  • 70%

    • What is the primary mode of transmission of Legionella?

  • Ingestion of contaminated water
  • Vector-borne transmission
  • Direct contact with contaminated surfaces
  • Inhalation of contaminated aerosols (correct)

    • What is the typical incubation period of Legionnaires' disease?

    <p>2-10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common demographic affected by Legionnaires' disease?

    <p>People over 50 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical outcome of untreated Legionnaires' disease?

    <p>Progressive pneumonia with respiratory failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of Legionella pneumophila?

    <p>Inhalation of contaminated aerosols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria is not a Gram-negative obligate anaerobe?

    <p>Haemophilus influenzae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the site of the first outbreak of Legionella pneumophila in 1976?

    <p>Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, Philadelphia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with the discovery of Legionella pneumophila in thermal waters?

    <p>Dr. Carl Fliermans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease caused by Bordetella pertussis?

    <p>Whooping Cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range of children most susceptible to meningitis and septicaemia caused by Haemophilus influenzae?

    <p>Children &lt; 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Legionella pneumophila lipids that is similar to those of thermophilic bacteria?

    <p>They resemble those found in Yellowstone National Park</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the initial suspect in the 1976 outbreak of Legionella pneumophila?

    <p>A terrorist plot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location where Legionella bacteria multiply?

    <p>In alveolar macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of Legionella infection on the lungs?

    <p>Obliteration of the air spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of amoeba and other protozoa in the environment of Legionella?

    <p>They provide a protective environment for Legionella growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of Legionella dissemination?

    <p>Aerosol generation from artificial water systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor contributing to the creation of ideal conditions for Legionella growth?

    <p>Human modification of the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the susceptibility of a host to Legionella infection?

    <p>Age and sex of the individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common way Legionella enters the lungs?

    <p>Through aspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the order that Burkholderia is classified under?

    <p>Burkholderiales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of Bordetella pertussis?

    <p>Coccobacillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way Bordetella pertussis is transmitted?

    <p>Through droplets and inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of the incubation period of pertussis?

    <p>5-10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of the paroxysmal stage of pertussis?

    <p>1-6 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of pertussis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why has there been an increase in pertussis cases in recent years?

    <p>Waning immunity and better detection methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location where gram-negative obligate anaerobes colonize in huge numbers?

    <p>Large bowel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate ratio of gram-negative obligate anaerobes to aerobic bacteria in the human body?

    <p>100:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common gram-negative obligate anaerobe associated with intra-abdominal infections?

    <p>Bacteroides fragilis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of acute necrotizing gingivitis?

    <p>A mixed bacterial infection including anaerobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of gram-negative obligate anaerobes in terms of pathogenicity?

    <p>Few species are pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of infections caused by gram-negative obligate anaerobes?

    <p>Often polymicrobial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Legionella species are obligate aerobic bacteria.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All species of Legionella are motile via multiple polar flagella.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Legionnaires' disease can be acquired through the ingestion of contaminated food.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Legionella species can grow in artificial media without additional nutrients.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The incubation period of Legionnaires' disease can be up to 20 days.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Legionella species can only multiply in the environment when certain nutrients are present.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Legionnaires' disease primarily affects individuals under the age of 50.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary reservoir of Legionella is soil.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Legionella is a type of Gram-positive bacteria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary mechanism of Legionella transmission is through direct contact with an infected person.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Legionella can only grow in environments with temperatures above 40°C.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The role of amoeba and other protozoa is to provide a natural habitat for Legionella to multiply and protect itself from environmental stressors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Legionella pneumophila causes a disease that is typically associated with young children.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-negative obligate anaerobe.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The initial suspect in the 1976 outbreak of Legionella pneumophila was a terrorist plot.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Legionella pneumophila lipids are similar to those of thermophilic bacteria found in Antarctica.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dr. Joseph McDade discovered Legionella pneumophila in 1976.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 1976 outbreak of Legionella pneumophila occurred at a hotel in New York City.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Legionella pneumophila tends to live as a single cell in water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteroides is a type of Gram-positive bacteria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The genus Bordetella is classified under the order Burkholderiales.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-positive bacterium.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The catarrhal stage of pertussis typically lasts for 1-6 weeks.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The paroxysmal stage of pertussis can last for up to 6 months.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bordetella pertussis is a strictly aerobic bacterium.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pneumonia is a common complication of pertussis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The increase in pertussis cases in recent years is due to a lack of awareness and detection methods.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Legionella enters the lungs primarily through inhalation of contaminated droplets.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gram-negative obligate anaerobes outnumber aerobic bacteria by 1-10 fold.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteriodes fragilis is associated with 20% of intra-abdominal infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Treponema is a type of fungus that causes acute necrotizing gingivitis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gram-negative obligate anaerobes are the predominant bacteria in the skin and soft tissue.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prevotella is a type of gram-positive obligate anaerobe.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fusobacterium is a type of gram-positive aerobe.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Gram-Negative Bacteria

    • Miscellaneous but important bacteria:
      • Legionella pneumophila: causes Legionnaire's disease
      • Bordetella pertussis: causes whooping cough
      • Gram-negative obligate anaerobes: diverse group, includes Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, and Porphyromonas

    Legionella pneumophila

    • Causes Legionnaire's disease
    • First outbreak: 1976, Philadelphia, 34 deaths, 221 cases
    • Epidemiological evidence suggested exposure in lobby of Bellevue-Stratford Hotel
    • Dr. Joseph McDade isolated the bacterium in 1977
    • Lipids similar to those of thermophilic bacteria in Yellowstone National Park

    Characteristics of Legionella

    • Type species: Legionella pneumophila
    • 42 species characterized, 18 associated with human illness, L. pneumophila accounts for 85% of cases
    • Non-spore forming, Gram-negative rods, varying from short thin forms to longer filamentous forms
    • Most species are motile via a single polar flagellum
    • Aerobic, grows in tap water and water, but nutritionally fastidious in artificial media

    Transmission and Disease

    • Most common form of transmission: inhalation of contaminated aerosols
    • Infection can also occur by aspiration of contaminated water or ice
    • Incubation period: 2-10 days, up to 16 days in some outbreaks
    • Death occurs through progressive pneumonia with respiratory failure and/or shock and multi-organ failure
    • Untreated Legionnaires' disease usually worsens during the first week
    • 75-80% of reported cases are in people over 50 years, 60-70% are male
    • Community, travel, or hospital-acquired

    Legionella in the Environment

    • Found naturally in freshwater streams, lakes, warm springs, rivers, and riverbanks
    • Intracellular parasite of amoeba and other protozoa, protected from chlorine, drying, and heat
    • Artificial water systems create ideal conditions for Legionella growth

    Chain of Causation for Legionella Infection

    • Environmental reservoir
    • Multiplication (stagnation, temperature, nutrients)
    • Dissemination by aerosol generation
    • Inhalation into lungs by susceptible host

    Bordetella pertussis

    • Causes whooping cough (pertussis)
    • Aerobic, Gram-negative, small coccobacillus
    • Specific only to humans, colonizes the respiratory tract
    • Transmission via droplets/inhalation
    • Incubation period: 5-10 days
    • Catarrhal stage: 1-2 weeks, mild cough, rhinorrhoea
    • Paroxysmal stage: 1-6 weeks, forceful, hacking coughs, whoop when air rushes back into lungs
    • Complications: pneumonia, otitis media, asthma

    Bordealla pertussis: Epidemiology

    • Increased awareness and better detection methods
    • Waning immunity in older children and adults
    • Acellular vaccines provide a shorter duration of protection
    • Vaccine research ongoing, correlate of protection unknown
    • COVID-19 pandemic impact unknown

    Gram-Negative Obligate Anaerobes

    • Colonize the human body's anaerobic environments in huge numbers
    • Predominant bacteria in upper respiratory tract, GI and GU tract
    • Outnumber aerobic bacteria by 10-100 fold
    • Many species, but few pathogens
    • Clinical diseases: periodontal infections, abscesses, intra-abdominal infections, gynecological infections
    • Bacteroides fragilis: associated with 80% of intra-abdominal infections
    • Often polymicrobial infections

    Gram-Negative Bacteria

    • Miscellaneous but important bacteria:
      • Legionella pneumophila: causes Legionnaire's disease
      • Bordetella pertussis: causes whooping cough
      • Gram-negative obligate anaerobes: diverse group, includes Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, and Porphyromonas

    Legionella pneumophila

    • Causes Legionnaire's disease
    • First outbreak: 1976, Philadelphia, 34 deaths, 221 cases
    • Epidemiological evidence suggested exposure in lobby of Bellevue-Stratford Hotel
    • Dr. Joseph McDade isolated the bacterium in 1977
    • Lipids similar to those of thermophilic bacteria in Yellowstone National Park

    Characteristics of Legionella

    • Type species: Legionella pneumophila
    • 42 species characterized, 18 associated with human illness, L. pneumophila accounts for 85% of cases
    • Non-spore forming, Gram-negative rods, varying from short thin forms to longer filamentous forms
    • Most species are motile via a single polar flagellum
    • Aerobic, grows in tap water and water, but nutritionally fastidious in artificial media

    Transmission and Disease

    • Most common form of transmission: inhalation of contaminated aerosols
    • Infection can also occur by aspiration of contaminated water or ice
    • Incubation period: 2-10 days, up to 16 days in some outbreaks
    • Death occurs through progressive pneumonia with respiratory failure and/or shock and multi-organ failure
    • Untreated Legionnaires' disease usually worsens during the first week
    • 75-80% of reported cases are in people over 50 years, 60-70% are male
    • Community, travel, or hospital-acquired

    Legionella in the Environment

    • Found naturally in freshwater streams, lakes, warm springs, rivers, and riverbanks
    • Intracellular parasite of amoeba and other protozoa, protected from chlorine, drying, and heat
    • Artificial water systems create ideal conditions for Legionella growth

    Chain of Causation for Legionella Infection

    • Environmental reservoir
    • Multiplication (stagnation, temperature, nutrients)
    • Dissemination by aerosol generation
    • Inhalation into lungs by susceptible host

    Bordetella pertussis

    • Causes whooping cough (pertussis)
    • Aerobic, Gram-negative, small coccobacillus
    • Specific only to humans, colonizes the respiratory tract
    • Transmission via droplets/inhalation
    • Incubation period: 5-10 days
    • Catarrhal stage: 1-2 weeks, mild cough, rhinorrhoea
    • Paroxysmal stage: 1-6 weeks, forceful, hacking coughs, whoop when air rushes back into lungs
    • Complications: pneumonia, otitis media, asthma

    Bordealla pertussis: Epidemiology

    • Increased awareness and better detection methods
    • Waning immunity in older children and adults
    • Acellular vaccines provide a shorter duration of protection
    • Vaccine research ongoing, correlate of protection unknown
    • COVID-19 pandemic impact unknown

    Gram-Negative Obligate Anaerobes

    • Colonize the human body's anaerobic environments in huge numbers
    • Predominant bacteria in upper respiratory tract, GI and GU tract
    • Outnumber aerobic bacteria by 10-100 fold
    • Many species, but few pathogens
    • Clinical diseases: periodontal infections, abscesses, intra-abdominal infections, gynecological infections
    • Bacteroides fragilis: associated with 80% of intra-abdominal infections
    • Often polymicrobial infections

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    Description

    Learn about the transmission, epidemiology, and diseases caused by Legionella sp, Bordetella pertussis, and Gram-negative obligate anaerobes.

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