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Questions and Answers
What is the type species of the genus Legionella?
What is the type species of the genus Legionella?
- Legionella filamentosa
- Legionella pneumophila (correct)
- Legionella motile
- Legionella aeruginosa
What percentage of Legionella-associated cases are caused by Legionella pneumophila?
What percentage of Legionella-associated cases are caused by Legionella pneumophila?
- 85% (correct)
- 60%
- 90%
- 70%
What is the primary mode of transmission of Legionella?
What is the primary mode of transmission of Legionella?
- Ingestion of contaminated water
- Vector-borne transmission
- Direct contact with contaminated surfaces
- Inhalation of contaminated aerosols (correct)
What is the typical incubation period of Legionnaires' disease?
What is the typical incubation period of Legionnaires' disease?
What is the most common demographic affected by Legionnaires' disease?
What is the most common demographic affected by Legionnaires' disease?
What is the typical outcome of untreated Legionnaires' disease?
What is the typical outcome of untreated Legionnaires' disease?
What is the primary mode of transmission of Legionella pneumophila?
What is the primary mode of transmission of Legionella pneumophila?
Which of the following bacteria is not a Gram-negative obligate anaerobe?
Which of the following bacteria is not a Gram-negative obligate anaerobe?
What was the site of the first outbreak of Legionella pneumophila in 1976?
What was the site of the first outbreak of Legionella pneumophila in 1976?
Who is credited with the discovery of Legionella pneumophila in thermal waters?
Who is credited with the discovery of Legionella pneumophila in thermal waters?
What is the name of the disease caused by Bordetella pertussis?
What is the name of the disease caused by Bordetella pertussis?
What is the age range of children most susceptible to meningitis and septicaemia caused by Haemophilus influenzae?
What is the age range of children most susceptible to meningitis and septicaemia caused by Haemophilus influenzae?
What is the characteristic of Legionella pneumophila lipids that is similar to those of thermophilic bacteria?
What is the characteristic of Legionella pneumophila lipids that is similar to those of thermophilic bacteria?
What was the initial suspect in the 1976 outbreak of Legionella pneumophila?
What was the initial suspect in the 1976 outbreak of Legionella pneumophila?
What is the primary location where Legionella bacteria multiply?
What is the primary location where Legionella bacteria multiply?
What is the primary effect of Legionella infection on the lungs?
What is the primary effect of Legionella infection on the lungs?
What is the role of amoeba and other protozoa in the environment of Legionella?
What is the role of amoeba and other protozoa in the environment of Legionella?
What is the primary mechanism of Legionella dissemination?
What is the primary mechanism of Legionella dissemination?
What is the primary factor contributing to the creation of ideal conditions for Legionella growth?
What is the primary factor contributing to the creation of ideal conditions for Legionella growth?
What is the primary factor that determines the susceptibility of a host to Legionella infection?
What is the primary factor that determines the susceptibility of a host to Legionella infection?
What is the most common way Legionella enters the lungs?
What is the most common way Legionella enters the lungs?
What is the order that Burkholderia is classified under?
What is the order that Burkholderia is classified under?
What is the shape of Bordetella pertussis?
What is the shape of Bordetella pertussis?
What is the primary way Bordetella pertussis is transmitted?
What is the primary way Bordetella pertussis is transmitted?
What is the duration of the incubation period of pertussis?
What is the duration of the incubation period of pertussis?
What is the typical duration of the paroxysmal stage of pertussis?
What is the typical duration of the paroxysmal stage of pertussis?
What is a common complication of pertussis?
What is a common complication of pertussis?
Why has there been an increase in pertussis cases in recent years?
Why has there been an increase in pertussis cases in recent years?
What is the primary location where gram-negative obligate anaerobes colonize in huge numbers?
What is the primary location where gram-negative obligate anaerobes colonize in huge numbers?
What is the approximate ratio of gram-negative obligate anaerobes to aerobic bacteria in the human body?
What is the approximate ratio of gram-negative obligate anaerobes to aerobic bacteria in the human body?
What is the most common gram-negative obligate anaerobe associated with intra-abdominal infections?
What is the most common gram-negative obligate anaerobe associated with intra-abdominal infections?
What is the primary cause of acute necrotizing gingivitis?
What is the primary cause of acute necrotizing gingivitis?
What is a common characteristic of gram-negative obligate anaerobes in terms of pathogenicity?
What is a common characteristic of gram-negative obligate anaerobes in terms of pathogenicity?
What is a common feature of infections caused by gram-negative obligate anaerobes?
What is a common feature of infections caused by gram-negative obligate anaerobes?
Legionella species are obligate aerobic bacteria.
Legionella species are obligate aerobic bacteria.
All species of Legionella are motile via multiple polar flagella.
All species of Legionella are motile via multiple polar flagella.
Legionnaires' disease can be acquired through the ingestion of contaminated food.
Legionnaires' disease can be acquired through the ingestion of contaminated food.
Legionella species can grow in artificial media without additional nutrients.
Legionella species can grow in artificial media without additional nutrients.
The incubation period of Legionnaires' disease can be up to 20 days.
The incubation period of Legionnaires' disease can be up to 20 days.
Legionella species can only multiply in the environment when certain nutrients are present.
Legionella species can only multiply in the environment when certain nutrients are present.
Legionnaires' disease primarily affects individuals under the age of 50.
Legionnaires' disease primarily affects individuals under the age of 50.
The primary reservoir of Legionella is soil.
The primary reservoir of Legionella is soil.
Legionella is a type of Gram-positive bacteria.
Legionella is a type of Gram-positive bacteria.
The primary mechanism of Legionella transmission is through direct contact with an infected person.
The primary mechanism of Legionella transmission is through direct contact with an infected person.
Legionella can only grow in environments with temperatures above 40°C.
Legionella can only grow in environments with temperatures above 40°C.
The role of amoeba and other protozoa is to provide a natural habitat for Legionella to multiply and protect itself from environmental stressors.
The role of amoeba and other protozoa is to provide a natural habitat for Legionella to multiply and protect itself from environmental stressors.
Legionella pneumophila causes a disease that is typically associated with young children.
Legionella pneumophila causes a disease that is typically associated with young children.
Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-negative obligate anaerobe.
Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-negative obligate anaerobe.
The initial suspect in the 1976 outbreak of Legionella pneumophila was a terrorist plot.
The initial suspect in the 1976 outbreak of Legionella pneumophila was a terrorist plot.
Legionella pneumophila lipids are similar to those of thermophilic bacteria found in Antarctica.
Legionella pneumophila lipids are similar to those of thermophilic bacteria found in Antarctica.
Dr. Joseph McDade discovered Legionella pneumophila in 1976.
Dr. Joseph McDade discovered Legionella pneumophila in 1976.
The 1976 outbreak of Legionella pneumophila occurred at a hotel in New York City.
The 1976 outbreak of Legionella pneumophila occurred at a hotel in New York City.
Legionella pneumophila tends to live as a single cell in water.
Legionella pneumophila tends to live as a single cell in water.
Bacteroides is a type of Gram-positive bacteria.
Bacteroides is a type of Gram-positive bacteria.
The genus Bordetella is classified under the order Burkholderiales.
The genus Bordetella is classified under the order Burkholderiales.
Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-positive bacterium.
Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-positive bacterium.
The catarrhal stage of pertussis typically lasts for 1-6 weeks.
The catarrhal stage of pertussis typically lasts for 1-6 weeks.
The paroxysmal stage of pertussis can last for up to 6 months.
The paroxysmal stage of pertussis can last for up to 6 months.
Bordetella pertussis is a strictly aerobic bacterium.
Bordetella pertussis is a strictly aerobic bacterium.
Pneumonia is a common complication of pertussis.
Pneumonia is a common complication of pertussis.
The increase in pertussis cases in recent years is due to a lack of awareness and detection methods.
The increase in pertussis cases in recent years is due to a lack of awareness and detection methods.
Legionella enters the lungs primarily through inhalation of contaminated droplets.
Legionella enters the lungs primarily through inhalation of contaminated droplets.
Gram-negative obligate anaerobes outnumber aerobic bacteria by 1-10 fold.
Gram-negative obligate anaerobes outnumber aerobic bacteria by 1-10 fold.
Bacteriodes fragilis is associated with 20% of intra-abdominal infections.
Bacteriodes fragilis is associated with 20% of intra-abdominal infections.
Treponema is a type of fungus that causes acute necrotizing gingivitis.
Treponema is a type of fungus that causes acute necrotizing gingivitis.
Gram-negative obligate anaerobes are the predominant bacteria in the skin and soft tissue.
Gram-negative obligate anaerobes are the predominant bacteria in the skin and soft tissue.
Prevotella is a type of gram-positive obligate anaerobe.
Prevotella is a type of gram-positive obligate anaerobe.
Fusobacterium is a type of gram-positive aerobe.
Fusobacterium is a type of gram-positive aerobe.
Study Notes
Gram-Negative Bacteria
- Miscellaneous but important bacteria:
- Legionella pneumophila: causes Legionnaire's disease
- Bordetella pertussis: causes whooping cough
- Gram-negative obligate anaerobes: diverse group, includes Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, and Porphyromonas
Legionella pneumophila
- Causes Legionnaire's disease
- First outbreak: 1976, Philadelphia, 34 deaths, 221 cases
- Epidemiological evidence suggested exposure in lobby of Bellevue-Stratford Hotel
- Dr. Joseph McDade isolated the bacterium in 1977
- Lipids similar to those of thermophilic bacteria in Yellowstone National Park
Characteristics of Legionella
- Type species: Legionella pneumophila
- 42 species characterized, 18 associated with human illness, L. pneumophila accounts for 85% of cases
- Non-spore forming, Gram-negative rods, varying from short thin forms to longer filamentous forms
- Most species are motile via a single polar flagellum
- Aerobic, grows in tap water and water, but nutritionally fastidious in artificial media
Transmission and Disease
- Most common form of transmission: inhalation of contaminated aerosols
- Infection can also occur by aspiration of contaminated water or ice
- Incubation period: 2-10 days, up to 16 days in some outbreaks
- Death occurs through progressive pneumonia with respiratory failure and/or shock and multi-organ failure
- Untreated Legionnaires' disease usually worsens during the first week
- 75-80% of reported cases are in people over 50 years, 60-70% are male
- Community, travel, or hospital-acquired
Legionella in the Environment
- Found naturally in freshwater streams, lakes, warm springs, rivers, and riverbanks
- Intracellular parasite of amoeba and other protozoa, protected from chlorine, drying, and heat
- Artificial water systems create ideal conditions for Legionella growth
Chain of Causation for Legionella Infection
- Environmental reservoir
- Multiplication (stagnation, temperature, nutrients)
- Dissemination by aerosol generation
- Inhalation into lungs by susceptible host
Bordetella pertussis
- Causes whooping cough (pertussis)
- Aerobic, Gram-negative, small coccobacillus
- Specific only to humans, colonizes the respiratory tract
- Transmission via droplets/inhalation
- Incubation period: 5-10 days
- Catarrhal stage: 1-2 weeks, mild cough, rhinorrhoea
- Paroxysmal stage: 1-6 weeks, forceful, hacking coughs, whoop when air rushes back into lungs
- Complications: pneumonia, otitis media, asthma
Bordealla pertussis: Epidemiology
- Increased awareness and better detection methods
- Waning immunity in older children and adults
- Acellular vaccines provide a shorter duration of protection
- Vaccine research ongoing, correlate of protection unknown
- COVID-19 pandemic impact unknown
Gram-Negative Obligate Anaerobes
- Colonize the human body's anaerobic environments in huge numbers
- Predominant bacteria in upper respiratory tract, GI and GU tract
- Outnumber aerobic bacteria by 10-100 fold
- Many species, but few pathogens
- Clinical diseases: periodontal infections, abscesses, intra-abdominal infections, gynecological infections
- Bacteroides fragilis: associated with 80% of intra-abdominal infections
- Often polymicrobial infections
Gram-Negative Bacteria
- Miscellaneous but important bacteria:
- Legionella pneumophila: causes Legionnaire's disease
- Bordetella pertussis: causes whooping cough
- Gram-negative obligate anaerobes: diverse group, includes Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, and Porphyromonas
Legionella pneumophila
- Causes Legionnaire's disease
- First outbreak: 1976, Philadelphia, 34 deaths, 221 cases
- Epidemiological evidence suggested exposure in lobby of Bellevue-Stratford Hotel
- Dr. Joseph McDade isolated the bacterium in 1977
- Lipids similar to those of thermophilic bacteria in Yellowstone National Park
Characteristics of Legionella
- Type species: Legionella pneumophila
- 42 species characterized, 18 associated with human illness, L. pneumophila accounts for 85% of cases
- Non-spore forming, Gram-negative rods, varying from short thin forms to longer filamentous forms
- Most species are motile via a single polar flagellum
- Aerobic, grows in tap water and water, but nutritionally fastidious in artificial media
Transmission and Disease
- Most common form of transmission: inhalation of contaminated aerosols
- Infection can also occur by aspiration of contaminated water or ice
- Incubation period: 2-10 days, up to 16 days in some outbreaks
- Death occurs through progressive pneumonia with respiratory failure and/or shock and multi-organ failure
- Untreated Legionnaires' disease usually worsens during the first week
- 75-80% of reported cases are in people over 50 years, 60-70% are male
- Community, travel, or hospital-acquired
Legionella in the Environment
- Found naturally in freshwater streams, lakes, warm springs, rivers, and riverbanks
- Intracellular parasite of amoeba and other protozoa, protected from chlorine, drying, and heat
- Artificial water systems create ideal conditions for Legionella growth
Chain of Causation for Legionella Infection
- Environmental reservoir
- Multiplication (stagnation, temperature, nutrients)
- Dissemination by aerosol generation
- Inhalation into lungs by susceptible host
Bordetella pertussis
- Causes whooping cough (pertussis)
- Aerobic, Gram-negative, small coccobacillus
- Specific only to humans, colonizes the respiratory tract
- Transmission via droplets/inhalation
- Incubation period: 5-10 days
- Catarrhal stage: 1-2 weeks, mild cough, rhinorrhoea
- Paroxysmal stage: 1-6 weeks, forceful, hacking coughs, whoop when air rushes back into lungs
- Complications: pneumonia, otitis media, asthma
Bordealla pertussis: Epidemiology
- Increased awareness and better detection methods
- Waning immunity in older children and adults
- Acellular vaccines provide a shorter duration of protection
- Vaccine research ongoing, correlate of protection unknown
- COVID-19 pandemic impact unknown
Gram-Negative Obligate Anaerobes
- Colonize the human body's anaerobic environments in huge numbers
- Predominant bacteria in upper respiratory tract, GI and GU tract
- Outnumber aerobic bacteria by 10-100 fold
- Many species, but few pathogens
- Clinical diseases: periodontal infections, abscesses, intra-abdominal infections, gynecological infections
- Bacteroides fragilis: associated with 80% of intra-abdominal infections
- Often polymicrobial infections
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Description
Learn about the transmission, epidemiology, and diseases caused by Legionella sp, Bordetella pertussis, and Gram-negative obligate anaerobes.
