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Questions and Answers
Which type of texture is characterized by interlocking crystalline grains greater than 1-2 cm in diameter?
Which type of texture is characterized by interlocking crystalline grains greater than 1-2 cm in diameter?
- Aphanitic
- Pegmatitic (correct)
- Glassy
- Phaneritic
What type of lava flow has a smooth, ropy surface texture?
What type of lava flow has a smooth, ropy surface texture?
- Pahoehoe lava (correct)
- Pyroclastic materials
- Porphyritic lava
- Aa lava
Which type of texture is characterized by crystals that are too small to distinguish without magnification?
Which type of texture is characterized by crystals that are too small to distinguish without magnification?
- Pegmatitic
- Aphanitic (correct)
- Phaneritic
- Porphyritic
What type of lava flow has a rough, jagged surface with sharp blocks and protruding spines?
What type of lava flow has a rough, jagged surface with sharp blocks and protruding spines?
Which type of texture is formed by very rapid cooling of magma, resulting in an amorphous, non-crystalline structure?
Which type of texture is formed by very rapid cooling of magma, resulting in an amorphous, non-crystalline structure?
Which type of texture is found in both intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks?
Which type of texture is found in both intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks?
What type of mineral is gold (Au)?
What type of mineral is gold (Au)?
Which of the following is a common sulfide mineral?
Which of the following is a common sulfide mineral?
What is the main difference between anhydrous and hydrous sulfates?
What is the main difference between anhydrous and hydrous sulfates?
Which property of carbonate minerals can be used to identify the presence of calcium carbonate?
Which property of carbonate minerals can be used to identify the presence of calcium carbonate?
What is the main difference between native elements and halides?
What is the main difference between native elements and halides?
What is the main characteristic of igneous rocks?
What is the main characteristic of igneous rocks?
What is the primary characteristic that defines a mineral?
What is the primary characteristic that defines a mineral?
Which of the following statements about ore minerals is true?
Which of the following statements about ore minerals is true?
Which of the following is an example of an ore mineral?
Which of the following is an example of an ore mineral?
Which property of minerals is described as the resistance to scratching or abrasion?
Which property of minerals is described as the resistance to scratching or abrasion?
What is the distinguishing characteristic of a mineral compared to a rock?
What is the distinguishing characteristic of a mineral compared to a rock?
Which of the following statements about minerals is true?
Which of the following statements about minerals is true?
What is the key characteristic of minerals that break along fractures rather than cleavage planes?
What is the key characteristic of minerals that break along fractures rather than cleavage planes?
What is the relationship between a mineral's specific gravity and water?
What is the relationship between a mineral's specific gravity and water?
Which of the following statements about measuring specific gravity is true?
Which of the following statements about measuring specific gravity is true?
What term is used to describe very fine-grained rocks?
What term is used to describe very fine-grained rocks?
Which of the following minerals would be classified as a silicate?
Which of the following minerals would be classified as a silicate?
What causes ions to slow down during crystallization?
What causes ions to slow down during crystallization?
What distinguishes ferromagnesian silicate minerals from non-ferromagnesian silicates?
What distinguishes ferromagnesian silicate minerals from non-ferromagnesian silicates?
What factor leads to the formation of large crystals in rocks?
What factor leads to the formation of large crystals in rocks?
What term describes rocks with both coarse and fine-grained textures?
What term describes rocks with both coarse and fine-grained textures?
Which of the following is an example of an oxide mineral?
Which of the following is an example of an oxide mineral?
Which factor affects the size of crystal grains in an igneous rock?
Which factor affects the size of crystal grains in an igneous rock?
What are phenocrysts in igneous rocks?
What are phenocrysts in igneous rocks?
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Study Notes
Igneous Rock Textures
- Groundmass: fine-grained component of a porphyritic rock that forms when magma or lava cools
- Types of textures:
- Phaneritic: coarse-grained rocks that form below the Earth's surface
- Aphanitic: very fine-grained rocks with crystals too small to distinguish without a magnifying lens
- Porphyritic: contains both coarse and fine-grained textures
- Glassy: formed by very rapid cooling of magma, amorphous with no crystalline structure
- Pegmatitic: contains interlocking crystalline grains > 1-2 cm in diameter
Lava Types
- Aa lava: basaltic lava flow with a rough surface, characterized by sharp, jagged blocks and protruding spines of volcanic rock
- Pahoehoe lava: basaltic lava flow with a smooth and twisty, rope-like surface
Mineral Classification
- Native Elements: composed of a single native element (e.g. Au, Ag, Cu, Fe, diamonds, graphite, platinum)
- Halides: consist of halogen elements (Cl, Br, F, I) forming strong ionic bonds with alkali and alkali earth elements (e.g. Halite, Fluorite)
- Sulfates: minerals that include SO4 anionic groups combined with alkali earth and metal cations (e.g. Barite, Gypsum)
- Carbonates: anionic groups of carbon and oxygen, react with hydrochloric acid (e.g. Calcite, Calcium carbonate, Dolomite)
- Sulfides: minerals composed of one or more metal cations combined with sulfur (e.g. Pyrite, Galena, Cinnabar, Molybdenite)
Characteristics of Minerals
- Definition: naturally occurring inorganic homogeneous solid with a definite chemical composition and ordered internal structure
- Importance: used to define major periods of early human civilization (e.g. Stone Age, Chalcolithic Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age)
Ore Minerals
- Minerals that are mined and processed for the elements they contain (e.g. Bauxite, Bornite, Chalcopyrite, Malachite)
Mineral Properties
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- Crystal Form
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- Hardness
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- Luster
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- Color
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- Streak
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- Cleavage
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- Specific Gravity: weight of a mineral relative to an equal volume of water
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