Questions and Answers
Calcite (CaCO3) is in which mineral class?
Pyrite (FeS2) is in which mineral class?
The mineral class that makes up more than 95% of rocks in the continental crust is termed?
silicates
Which layer of Earth does NOT contain silicate minerals?
Signup and view all the answers
A __________ is a mineral-lined cavity in a rock.
Signup and view all the answers
Minerals that grow around volcanic vents MOST likely form by?
Signup and view all the answers
The color of a mineral in powdered form is termed?
Signup and view all the answers
Cleavage in minerals refers to?
Signup and view all the answers
Synthetically made glass and natural quartz crystals both exhibit a fracture pattern termed?
Signup and view all the answers
With regard to minerals, hardness refers to the ability to resist?
Signup and view all the answers
Geologists refer to an exposure of bedrock on the surface as a(n)?
Signup and view all the answers
Diamonds are found in?
Signup and view all the answers
A facet is a __________ on a gem.
Signup and view all the answers
What type of rock forms by the solidification of a melt?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of rock forms when preexisting rocks undergo changes in response to a modification of their environment, without first melting?
Signup and view all the answers
The difference between magma and lava is that __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of magma has the greatest silica content?
Signup and view all the answers
Viscosity controls how __________.
Signup and view all the answers
The mantle is composed entirely of __________.
Signup and view all the answers
In general, if a body of igneous (source) rock is subjected to partial melting, the magma that is produced is expected to be __________.
Signup and view all the answers
An irregular-shaped and bloblike igneous rock body that cooled beneath the surface of Earth is a __________.
Signup and view all the answers
A sill is a(n) __________.
Signup and view all the answers
A batholith is a(n) __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Magma tends to __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Columnar jointing forms primarily because of?
Signup and view all the answers
The extremely high __________ within Earth prevents rock from melting.
Signup and view all the answers
All other factors being equal (i.e., depth, volume, temperature, etc.), which type of igneous intrusion would cool fastest?
Signup and view all the answers
Ash, and larger fragments of pumice are all examples of?
Signup and view all the answers
Felsic igneous rocks typically?
Signup and view all the answers
Bubbles trapped in lava after the molten material are cooled are called?
Signup and view all the answers
Compared with coarse-grained igneous rocks, fine-grained igneous rocks?
Signup and view all the answers
Granite, a coarse-grained, felsic intrusive igneous rock is most similar in mineral composition to __________, which is a fine-grained, felsic extrusive equivalent.
Signup and view all the answers
Why is the outer core the only layer in Earth that is molten?
Signup and view all the answers
Compared with mafic igneous rocks, all felsic igneous rocks?
Signup and view all the answers
Volcanic arcs form along __________ boundaries.
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of volcano forms from layers of mafic lava erupted in primarily effusive eruptions?
Signup and view all the answers
__________ form from piles of pyroclastic debris (mainly lapilli) that fountain out of a vent during an effusive eruption.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Mineral Classes
- Calcite (CaCO3) belongs to the Carbonates class.
- Pyrite (FeS2) is categorized under Sulfides.
- The mineral class constituting over 95% of rocks in the continental crust is known as silicates.
- The outer core does not contain silicate minerals.
Mineral Characteristics
- A geode is a mineral-lined cavity formed in a rock.
- Volcanic vent minerals predominantly form through precipitation from gas.
- The streak of a mineral refers to its color in powdered form.
- Cleavage describes a mineral's tendency to break along planes of weakness.
- Conchoidal fracture is exhibited by both synthetically made glass and natural quartz crystals.
- Hardness assesses a mineral's ability to resist scratching.
Geological Features
- Exposure of bedrock at the surface is termed an outcrop.
- Diamonds are found in kimberlite formations.
- A facet is a polished surface on a gem.
Rock Types and Formation
- Igneous rocks form from the solidification of molten material.
- Metamorphic rocks arise from changes in preexisting rocks without melting.
- Magma is located beneath the surface, whereas lava is above it.
- Felsic magma contains the highest silica content.
Viscosity and Rock Composition
- Viscosity determines the speed at which a fluid flows.
- The mantle consists entirely of ultramafic rock.
- Partial melting of igneous rock produces magma that is typically more felsic than the original rock.
Types of Igneous Intrusions
- A pluton is an irregular, blob-shaped igneous rock body found beneath Earth's surface.
- A sill is a tabular intrusion that runs parallel to surrounding sedimentary rock layers.
- A batholith is a large, compound igneous intrusion.
- Magma tends to move upward, away from its formation location.
Cooling Processes and Textures
- Columnar jointing results from contraction and cracking during the cooling of rock.
- High pressure within Earth prevents rock melting.
- Among igneous intrusions, dikes cool fastest under equal conditions.
- Pyroclastic debris includes ash and larger fragments of pumice.
Rock Color and Texture
- Felsic igneous rocks are generally lighter in color than mafic rocks.
- Vesicles are bubbles trapped in lava after cooling.
- Compared to coarse-grained igneous rocks, fine-grained igneous rocks cool and solidify more quickly.
- Granite, a coarse-grained felsic intrusive rock, is similar in mineral composition to rhyolite, a fine-grained felsic extrusive rock.
Earth's Layers and Volcanism
- The outer core is uniquely molten due to high temperatures and relatively low pressure sufficient to melt iron.
- All felsic igneous rocks solidify at lower temperatures than mafic rocks.
- Volcanic arcs are located along convergent boundaries.
- Shield volcanoes form from layers of mafic lava through primarily effusive eruptions.
- Cinder cones are formed from piles of pyroclastic debris, mainly lapilli, erupted during effusive events.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on mineral classes, characteristics, and geological features in this quiz. From the properties of calcite and pyrite to the definitions of geodes and cleavage, this quiz covers essential concepts in geology. Challenge yourself with various questions about rocks and minerals!