CHAPTER 6 - Groups, Networks, Organizations
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Questions and Answers

What do organizations rely on to monitor employees' performance?

  • Annual reports from subordinates (correct)
  • Team-building activities
  • Incentive programs
  • Direct supervision only

How does effective organizational operation relate to employee behavior?

  • It requires employees to work irregular hours
  • It relies on consistent coordination of activities (correct)
  • It depends solely on financial rewards
  • It focuses only on individual performance

What role do records and files play in an organization?

  • They serve no real function
  • They provide a structured way to assess performances (correct)
  • They are used solely for historical purposes
  • They enable casual monitoring of employee activity

What consequence would a university face if it did not observe a lecture timetable?

<p>Complete chaos in scheduling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Foucault imply about timetables in organizations?

<p>They efficiently coordinate people’s activities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of employees' work is critical for effective operation in a business firm?

<p>Regular hours and structured activities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are activities scheduled according to precise timetables in organizations?

<p>To maintain organizational discipline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do weak ties in networks serve individuals?

<p>They facilitate new opportunities and information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of remote workers currently work outside the office 80 percent or more of the time?

<p>33% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which industry has the highest proportion of remote workers?

<p>Transportation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the estimated annual savings that Cisco achieved by allowing employees to telecommute?

<p>$277 million (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much did Cisco estimate the reduction in carbon footprint due to telecommuting?

<p>47,320 metric tons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do employers view longer hours as a benefit of telecommuting?

<p>Increased productivity is observed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major downside of telecommuting mentioned in the content?

<p>Loss of face-to-face interactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age group is typically more prevalent among remote workers?

<p>50 years and older (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substantial financial impact would occur if all workers compatible with home work could telecommute?

<p>$700 billion savings per year (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant change occurring in large organizations today regarding their structure?

<p>Organizations are adopting horizontal, collaborative models. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the detrimental effect of concentrated power in an organization, as articulated by Robert Michels?

<p>Iron law of oligarchy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Burns and Stalker, what main drawback did they associate with traditional bureaucratic structures?

<p>They stifle innovation and creativity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has contributed to a shift away from strict hierarchical models in organizations?

<p>The demand for more creative and innovative responses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been the traditional view of how large organizations function according to Weber's model?

<p>Knowledge and power should be concentrated at the top. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge do large corporations face that limits original thinking?

<p>Delegation of policy issues to others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of contemporary organizations in the electronic economy?

<p>Decentralization of power and authority (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to innovation as organizations become more bureaucratic according to past theories?

<p>Innovation is often stifled. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Robert Michels introduce to describe the flow of power in organizations?

<p>Iron law of oligarchy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of bureaucracies concerned Weber the most?

<p>The specialization and hierarchy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, in what scenario might power relationships become looser?

<p>As organizations expand in size (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'oligarchy' mean as referenced in the content?

<p>Rule by the few (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Michels claimed that unequal power distribution exists even in which type of organizations?

<p>Moderate-sized groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of bureaucratic power delegation mentioned in the content?

<p>Loss of control over administrative decisions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Weber's major concerns regarding modern organizations?

<p>Governance by faceless bureaucrats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the content suggest that the 'iron law of oligarchy' may not be universal?

<p>Power dynamics can vary based on organizational conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of secondary groups compared to primary groups?

<p>They are typically larger and more impersonal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concern did early sociologists like Cooley have regarding modern interactions?

<p>They were worried about a loss of personal connections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does conformity to group pressure often manifest among teenagers?

<p>Through behaviors like drug abuse and violent acts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Solomon Asch's classic experiment primarily investigate?

<p>How people conform to group pressure in making judgments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of secondary groups?

<p>High levels of intimacy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does conformity play in the behavior of males with respect to earring styles over time?

<p>It has increased as pressure to conform to styles has grown. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn about the impact of group standards on individuals?

<p>They often lead to a loss of personal identity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of groups are more likely to concern themselves with strict group standards?

<p>Primary groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the tendency to judge oneself based on how one believes others perceive them?

<p>Looking-glass Self (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a reference group?

<p>A group that provides standards for judging one’s attitudes or behaviors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is an example of an out-group?

<p>Members of a rival fraternity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might children benefit from exposure to positive reference groups?

<p>They adopt standards of behavior that promote self-esteem and resilience (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reference group?

<p>A group that includes an individual’s family (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term in-groups refer to?

<p>Groups toward which one feels particular loyalty and respect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding secondary reference groups?

<p>They serve a similar purpose as primary groups but are less personal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario demonstrates a person identifying with a reference group they do not belong to?

<p>A worker feeling pride in the achievements of Nobel Prize winners (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'McDonaldization' of society mean?

<p>that society is getting more rationalized and simpler like fast food restaurants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT true about primary groups?

<p>large groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT part of Weber's ideal type of bureaucracy?

<p>officials have the liberty to create own tasks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Reference group

A group that provides a standard for judging one's own attitudes and behaviors.

In-groups

Groups toward which one feels particular loyalty and respect.

Out-groups

Groups toward which one feels antagonism and contempt.

Dyad

A group consisting of two members.

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Looking-glass self

The idea that we judge ourselves by how we think others see us.

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What is a reference group?

A group that provides a standard for judging one's own attitudes and behaviors.

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What are in-groups?

Groups toward which one feels particular loyalty and respect.

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What are out-groups?

Groups toward which one feels antagonism and contempt.

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Primary Groups

Primary groups are characterized by close, intimate, and personal relationships, such as families, friends, and close-knit communities. These groups are typically small in size and involve frequent interactions.

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Secondary Groups

Secondary groups are larger, more impersonal, and often based on shared goals or activities, such as workplaces, schools, or clubs. These groups often involve more formal interactions and less emotional connection.

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Social Conformity

Social conformity refers to an individual's tendency to align their behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes with those of a group or society. This can be influenced by factors like peer pressure, social norms, or desire for acceptance.

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Asch Conformity Experiment

The Asch Conformity Experiment is a classic psychology experiment that demonstrated the powerful influence of social pressure on individual judgment. Participants were asked to judge the length of lines, often giving incorrect responses to conform with the majority opinion, even when the answer was clear.

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Groupthink

Groupthink refers to a phenomenon where groups prioritize cohesion and conformity over critical thinking and decision-making. This can lead to flawed decisions and a lack of diversity of perspectives.

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Social Pressure

Social pressure is the influence exerted by a group or society on an individual's behavior, beliefs, or attitudes. This pressure can be subtle or overt and can come from friends, family, peers, social norms, or even the media.

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Need for Group Acceptance

The need for group acceptance is particularly strong during adolescence, as teenagers strive to find their place and build social connections. This can make them vulnerable to peer pressure and social conformity.

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Social Conformity's Impact

The power of social conformity can lead to both positive and negative outcomes. While it can foster social harmony and a sense of belonging, it can also contribute to harmful behaviors or the suppression of individual expression.

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Performance Monitoring Systems

A system used to monitor and analyze employee performance, often involving regular reports and records.

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Timetables in Organizations

Detailed schedules that regulate activities across time and space, ensuring consistency and coordination within an organization.

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Surveillance in Organizations

The systematic observation and control of employee behavior, often through records, reports, and performance evaluations.

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Direct Supervision

The process of directly overseeing the work of subordinates to ensure they meet organizational standards.

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Files, Records, and Work Histories

Documents, records, and historical data used to track and monitor individual and organizational performance.

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Regular Work Hours

The expectation for employees to work specific hours and maintain a consistent schedule.

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Spatial and Temporal Coordination

The coordination of activities across time and space, ensuring a synchronized and efficient workflow.

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Physical Settings for Discipline

The use of physical settings and structures to promote organizational discipline and control.

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Iron Law of Oligarchy

A concept by Robert Michels, stating that large organizations tend towards a central concentration of power making true democracy difficult.

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Oligarchy

A form of rule where a small minority holds power within an organization or society.

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Less Hierarchical Organizations

Organizations are often restructuring to become less hierarchical and more collaborative.

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Weber's Model of Bureaucracy

Weber's model of bureaucracy suggests a clear hierarchy with power concentrated at the top.

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Bureaucracy Stifles Innovation

Traditional bureaucratic structures can hinder innovation and creativity especially in rapidly changing industries.

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Horizontal Collaboration Models

Many organizations are adopting horizontal, collaborative models for better responsiveness to changing markets.

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Outdated Bureaucratic Structures

In today's digital economy, traditional bureaucratic structures are seen as outdated by many.

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Burns and Stalker's Observation

Burns and Stalker observed that rigid traditional structures were not suitable for dynamic industries.

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Loss of power in organizations

The loss of power in large-scale organizations, particularly in societies heavily influenced by organizations.

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Flow of power towards the top

The inevitable shift of power towards the top in increasingly bureaucratized organizations, as outlined by Robert Michels.

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Bureaucracies

Specialized and hierarchical systems with clear chains of command and standardized procedures, often characterized by a focus on efficiency.

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Unequal power in smaller organizations

The idea that unequal power exists not just in large organizations, but also in smaller groups, and that smaller groups can sometimes exert tighter control.

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Looser power relationships in larger organizations

The possibility that, as organizations grow, the connections between top-level power and lower-level decisions become less direct, leading to a potential loss of control from the top.

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Delegation of power

The delegating of authority from superiors to subordinates in modern organizations, often based on expertise and specialization.

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Power distribution in bureaucracy

The idea that expertise and specialization in bureaucracy, while leading to more efficient operations, can also result in power being distributed downwards, potentially lessening control from the top.

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Telecommuting

Working remotely from home or another location outside the office.

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Carbon Footprint Reduction

A reduction in a company's environmental impact from actions like using less energy or reducing travel.

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Commuting Time

The time it takes to travel between home and work, which telecommuting eliminates.

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Work-Life Flexibility

The ability to adjust work schedules to better balance personal and professional life.

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Job Satisfaction

Increased satisfaction with one's job and work environment.

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Productivity

The amount of output or work produced by an employee or organization.

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Benefits of Telecommuting

The benefits that companies gain from employees working remotely, such as increased productivity, cost savings, and reduced environmental impact.

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Drawbacks of Telecommuting

The potential drawbacks of telecommuting, such as reduced social interaction and potential for longer work hours.

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Study Notes

Military Discipline at West Point

  • West Point Academy's military discipline relies heavily on fear of punishment from superiors, positive reinforcement from superiors, group loyalty and conformity to social norms, and personal motivation and self-discipline.

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Week 8 - Chapter 6 PDF

Description

Explore the principles of military discipline at West Point Academy. This quiz covers the importance of punishment, reinforcement, group loyalty, and personal motivation in shaping disciplined individuals. Test your understanding of how these elements contribute to the overall military ethos.

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