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Questions and Answers
What was one of the main roles of the Governor-General in the Philippines during Spanish rule?
What was one of the main roles of the Governor-General in the Philippines during Spanish rule?
- To establish trade routes with neighboring countries
- To act as the king's official representative to the colony (correct)
- To oversee the distribution of land among natives
- To lead military expeditions to the Moluccas
Which of the following ships was part of Magellan's expedition?
Which of the following ships was part of Magellan's expedition?
- Santa Maria
- Pinta
- Conception (correct)
- Santa Cruz
What was the purpose of the Reduccion plan initiated by Fr. Juan de Plasencia?
What was the purpose of the Reduccion plan initiated by Fr. Juan de Plasencia?
- To promote agricultural development in remote areas
- To create military camps for Spanish soldiers
- To decentralize power and increase local governance
- To relocate natives closer to the church (correct)
Who served as the chronicler of Magellan's expedition?
Who served as the chronicler of Magellan's expedition?
Which of the following accurately describes a feature of the Spanish colonial government?
Which of the following accurately describes a feature of the Spanish colonial government?
What form of government did Aguinaldo initially establish on May 24, 1898?
What form of government did Aguinaldo initially establish on May 24, 1898?
Which of the following was NOT one of the military governors mentioned?
Which of the following was NOT one of the military governors mentioned?
What was one of the responsibilities of the military governor in the Philippines?
What was one of the responsibilities of the military governor in the Philippines?
Who chaired the Taft Commission?
Who chaired the Taft Commission?
What was the primary aim of the reform movement in the Philippines under Spanish rule?
What was the primary aim of the reform movement in the Philippines under Spanish rule?
Which of the following was a recommendation from the Schurman Commission?
Which of the following was a recommendation from the Schurman Commission?
Who was elected as President during the formation of the new government by the Katipuneros?
Who was elected as President during the formation of the new government by the Katipuneros?
What change did Aguinaldo implement after consulting Apolinario Mabini on June 23, 1898?
What change did Aguinaldo implement after consulting Apolinario Mabini on June 23, 1898?
What was the outcome of Daniel Tirona's challenge regarding Bonifacio's qualifications?
What was the outcome of Daniel Tirona's challenge regarding Bonifacio's qualifications?
What was La Solidaridad?
What was La Solidaridad?
What was the purpose of the Malolos Constitution?
What was the purpose of the Malolos Constitution?
Which department was NOT part of the six departments established by Aguinaldo's government?
Which department was NOT part of the six departments established by Aguinaldo's government?
What significant event occurred on March 22, 1897, involving the Katipuneros?
What significant event occurred on March 22, 1897, involving the Katipuneros?
What was the purpose of La Liga Filipina?
What was the purpose of La Liga Filipina?
What led to the execution of Bonifacio and his brother Procopio?
What led to the execution of Bonifacio and his brother Procopio?
What document did Bonifacio and his men sign to establish a new form of government?
What document did Bonifacio and his men sign to establish a new form of government?
What was the primary goal of the Os-Rox Mission?
What was the primary goal of the Os-Rox Mission?
What significant event occurred on June 19, 1944?
What significant event occurred on June 19, 1944?
What does the Hare-Hawes Cutting Act state regarding Philippine independence?
What does the Hare-Hawes Cutting Act state regarding Philippine independence?
What was proclaimed by General MacArthur on July 4, 1945?
What was proclaimed by General MacArthur on July 4, 1945?
Which act granted parity rights to Americans regarding natural resources in the Philippines?
Which act granted parity rights to Americans regarding natural resources in the Philippines?
What major event happened on March 25, 1986?
What major event happened on March 25, 1986?
What was the main purpose of the Constitutional Commission (ConCom) established in the 1987 Constitution?
What was the main purpose of the Constitutional Commission (ConCom) established in the 1987 Constitution?
Which event directly followed the bombing of Hiroshima?
Which event directly followed the bombing of Hiroshima?
What change did the 1973 Constitution bring to the Philippine system of government?
What change did the 1973 Constitution bring to the Philippine system of government?
When was Martial Law declared in the Philippines by President Ferdinand Marcos?
When was Martial Law declared in the Philippines by President Ferdinand Marcos?
What event occurred on February 25, 1986, in the Philippines?
What event occurred on February 25, 1986, in the Philippines?
What was a significant cause for the people’s clamor for democracy in the Philippines in 1983?
What was a significant cause for the people’s clamor for democracy in the Philippines in 1983?
What powers did Ferdinand Marcos exercise after the adoption of the 1973 Constitution?
What powers did Ferdinand Marcos exercise after the adoption of the 1973 Constitution?
What was the outcome of the 1986 snap election declared by Marcos?
What was the outcome of the 1986 snap election declared by Marcos?
Which of the following statements about the removal of the President from office is accurate?
Which of the following statements about the removal of the President from office is accurate?
Which significant action took place in January 1981 in relation to Martial Law?
Which significant action took place in January 1981 in relation to Martial Law?
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Study Notes
Military Governance
- Secret agreement between Spaniards and Americans to stage false battles for propaganda.
- The military governor acted as the US President's representative, holding immense executive, legislative, and judicial authority.
- Responsibilities included pacifying provinces defying US control.
- Notable military governors include Wesley Merrit, Elwell Otis, and Arthur MacArthur.
Revolutionary Government
- Aguinaldo established a dictatorial government on May 24, 1898, later transitioning to a revolutionary government with guidance from Apolinario Mabini.
- The President became the Chief of State, leading a government with six key departments: Foreign Affairs, War, Interior, Welfare, Justice, and Treasury.
Schurman and Taft Commissions
- Schurman Commission, led by Dr. Jacob Schurman, aimed to investigate island conditions and recommend US sovereignty enforcement.
- Taft Commission, chaired by William Howard Taft, focused on establishing a civil government to prepare Filipinos for self-governance.
Reform Movement and Katipunan
- The Katipunan formed on March 22, 1897, aimed for political and social reform, with Aguinaldo as President and Bonifacio as Director of the Interior.
- The organization sought to address issues like Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes and equality.
- La Solidaridad, edited by Marcelo H. Del Pilar, served as the propaganda organ, promoting reform ideas.
Execution of Bonifacio
- Bonifacio was tried for treason and executed on May 10, 1897, along with his brother Procopio, highlighting internal conflict within the revolutionary movement.
Spanish Colonial Administration
- The 1571 establishment of Manila as the capital marked a significant political change.
- Governance was centralized, with power moving from the Council of Indies to the Governor-General, the king's representative in the colony.
Philippine Independence Movement
- Os-Rox Mission, led by Osmeña and Roxas, sought independence from the US.
- Hare-Hawes Cutting Act promised independence after a Commonwealth period while retaining US military access.
- Key events in WWII included the Battle of the Philippine Sea and MacArthur's proclamation of liberation on July 4, 1945.
Constitutional Developments
- Corazon Aquino introduced the “Freedom Constitution” on March 25, 1986, leading to a new Constitutional Commission.
- The 1987 Constitution introduced a six-year presidential term and checks on martial law declaration, emphasizing accountability.
Martial Law and Its Aftermath
- The Constitutional Convention began in June 1971, leading to the proclamation of Martial Law by Marcos on September 21, 1972.
- The 1973 Constitution modified the government system and concentrated power in Marcos, who lifted Martial Law in 1981.
EDSA Revolution
- The assassination of Senator Benigno Aquino on August 21, 1983, sparked widespread demand for democracy.
- Marcos's snap election on February 7, 1986, led to accusations of fraud and culminated in the EDSA People Power Revolution, ultimately restoring democratic governance.
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