Military and Revolutionary Governance Overview
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Questions and Answers

What was one of the main roles of the Governor-General in the Philippines during Spanish rule?

  • To establish trade routes with neighboring countries
  • To act as the king's official representative to the colony (correct)
  • To oversee the distribution of land among natives
  • To lead military expeditions to the Moluccas

    • Which of the following ships was part of Magellan's expedition?

  • Santa Maria
  • Pinta
  • Conception (correct)
  • Santa Cruz

    • What was the purpose of the Reduccion plan initiated by Fr. Juan de Plasencia?

  • To promote agricultural development in remote areas
  • To create military camps for Spanish soldiers
  • To decentralize power and increase local governance
  • To relocate natives closer to the church (correct)

    • Who served as the chronicler of Magellan's expedition?

    <p>Antonio Pigafetta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes a feature of the Spanish colonial government?

    <p>It involved a council of Indies responsible for creating laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What form of government did Aguinaldo initially establish on May 24, 1898?

    <p>Dictatorial Government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT one of the military governors mentioned?

    <p>Emilio Aguinaldo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the responsibilities of the military governor in the Philippines?

    <p>Pacify provinces opposing US authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who chaired the Taft Commission?

    <p>William Howard Taft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary aim of the reform movement in the Philippines under Spanish rule?

    <p>To achieve equality of Filipinos and Spaniards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a recommendation from the Schurman Commission?

    <p>Enforce US sovereignty over the islands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was elected as President during the formation of the new government by the Katipuneros?

    <p>Aguinaldo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change did Aguinaldo implement after consulting Apolinario Mabini on June 23, 1898?

    <p>Changed to a revolutionary government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Daniel Tirona's challenge regarding Bonifacio's qualifications?

    <p>Bonifacio declared the election void</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was La Solidaridad?

    <p>An organ of Propaganda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the Malolos Constitution?

    <p>Shape a popular and responsible government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which department was NOT part of the six departments established by Aguinaldo's government?

    <p>Education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event occurred on March 22, 1897, involving the Katipuneros?

    <p>The formation of a new government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of La Liga Filipina?

    <p>To unify the archipelago and protect Filipinos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the execution of Bonifacio and his brother Procopio?

    <p>Insurrection against Aguinaldo's government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What document did Bonifacio and his men sign to establish a new form of government?

    <p>The Naic Military Agreement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of the Os-Rox Mission?

    <p>To gain independence for the Philippines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event occurred on June 19, 1944?

    <p>The start of American forces' move across the Pacific Ocean.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Hare-Hawes Cutting Act state regarding Philippine independence?

    <p>Independence is granted after a twelve-year period with conditions for US bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was proclaimed by General MacArthur on July 4, 1945?

    <p>The liberation of the Philippines from Japanese control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which act granted parity rights to Americans regarding natural resources in the Philippines?

    <p>The Bell Trade Act.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major event happened on March 25, 1986?

    <p>Corazon Aquino proclaimed a provisional constitution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose of the Constitutional Commission (ConCom) established in the 1987 Constitution?

    <p>To create a system of checks and balances in government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event directly followed the bombing of Hiroshima?

    <p>The bombing of Nagasaki.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change did the 1973 Constitution bring to the Philippine system of government?

    <p>It implemented a modified parliamentary system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was Martial Law declared in the Philippines by President Ferdinand Marcos?

    <p>September 21, 1972</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event occurred on February 25, 1986, in the Philippines?

    <p>The EDSA People Power Revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant cause for the people’s clamor for democracy in the Philippines in 1983?

    <p>The assassination of Senator Benigno Aquino</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What powers did Ferdinand Marcos exercise after the adoption of the 1973 Constitution?

    <p>Both executive and legislative powers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the 1986 snap election declared by Marcos?

    <p>Corazon Aquino claimed victory amid claims of fraud.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the removal of the President from office is accurate?

    <p>Removal can happen through impeachment and conviction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which significant action took place in January 1981 in relation to Martial Law?

    <p>Martial Law was lifted by Marcos.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Military Governance

    • Secret agreement between Spaniards and Americans to stage false battles for propaganda.
    • The military governor acted as the US President's representative, holding immense executive, legislative, and judicial authority.
    • Responsibilities included pacifying provinces defying US control.
    • Notable military governors include Wesley Merrit, Elwell Otis, and Arthur MacArthur.

    Revolutionary Government

    • Aguinaldo established a dictatorial government on May 24, 1898, later transitioning to a revolutionary government with guidance from Apolinario Mabini.
    • The President became the Chief of State, leading a government with six key departments: Foreign Affairs, War, Interior, Welfare, Justice, and Treasury.

    Schurman and Taft Commissions

    • Schurman Commission, led by Dr. Jacob Schurman, aimed to investigate island conditions and recommend US sovereignty enforcement.
    • Taft Commission, chaired by William Howard Taft, focused on establishing a civil government to prepare Filipinos for self-governance.

    Reform Movement and Katipunan

    • The Katipunan formed on March 22, 1897, aimed for political and social reform, with Aguinaldo as President and Bonifacio as Director of the Interior.
    • The organization sought to address issues like Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes and equality.
    • La Solidaridad, edited by Marcelo H. Del Pilar, served as the propaganda organ, promoting reform ideas.

    Execution of Bonifacio

    • Bonifacio was tried for treason and executed on May 10, 1897, along with his brother Procopio, highlighting internal conflict within the revolutionary movement.

    Spanish Colonial Administration

    • The 1571 establishment of Manila as the capital marked a significant political change.
    • Governance was centralized, with power moving from the Council of Indies to the Governor-General, the king's representative in the colony.

    Philippine Independence Movement

    • Os-Rox Mission, led by Osmeña and Roxas, sought independence from the US.
    • Hare-Hawes Cutting Act promised independence after a Commonwealth period while retaining US military access.
    • Key events in WWII included the Battle of the Philippine Sea and MacArthur's proclamation of liberation on July 4, 1945.

    Constitutional Developments

    • Corazon Aquino introduced the “Freedom Constitution” on March 25, 1986, leading to a new Constitutional Commission.
    • The 1987 Constitution introduced a six-year presidential term and checks on martial law declaration, emphasizing accountability.

    Martial Law and Its Aftermath

    • The Constitutional Convention began in June 1971, leading to the proclamation of Martial Law by Marcos on September 21, 1972.
    • The 1973 Constitution modified the government system and concentrated power in Marcos, who lifted Martial Law in 1981.

    EDSA Revolution

    • The assassination of Senator Benigno Aquino on August 21, 1983, sparked widespread demand for democracy.
    • Marcos's snap election on February 7, 1986, led to accusations of fraud and culminated in the EDSA People Power Revolution, ultimately restoring democratic governance.

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    Explore the intricacies of military governance and the revolutionary government established by Aguinaldo during the Philippine-American War. Learn about key figures, commissions, and the structure of governance that shaped the era.

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