Military and Revolutionary Governance Overview

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Questions and Answers

What was one of the main roles of the Governor-General in the Philippines during Spanish rule?

To establish trade routes with neighboring countries

To act as the king's official representative to the colony (correct)

To oversee the distribution of land among natives

To lead military expeditions to the Moluccas

Which of the following ships was part of Magellan's expedition?

Santa Maria

Pinta

Conception (correct)

Santa Cruz

What was the purpose of the Reduccion plan initiated by Fr. Juan de Plasencia?

To promote agricultural development in remote areas

To create military camps for Spanish soldiers

To decentralize power and increase local governance

To relocate natives closer to the church (correct)

Who served as the chronicler of Magellan's expedition?

Antonio Pigafetta Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a feature of the Spanish colonial government?

It involved a council of Indies responsible for creating laws Signup and view all the answers

What form of government did Aguinaldo initially establish on May 24, 1898?

Dictatorial Government Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT one of the military governors mentioned?

Emilio Aguinaldo Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the responsibilities of the military governor in the Philippines?

Pacify provinces opposing US authority Signup and view all the answers

Who chaired the Taft Commission?

William Howard Taft Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary aim of the reform movement in the Philippines under Spanish rule?

To achieve equality of Filipinos and Spaniards Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a recommendation from the Schurman Commission?

Enforce US sovereignty over the islands Signup and view all the answers

Who was elected as President during the formation of the new government by the Katipuneros?

Aguinaldo Signup and view all the answers

What change did Aguinaldo implement after consulting Apolinario Mabini on June 23, 1898?

Changed to a revolutionary government Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of Daniel Tirona's challenge regarding Bonifacio's qualifications?

Bonifacio declared the election void Signup and view all the answers

What was La Solidaridad?

An organ of Propaganda Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Malolos Constitution?

Shape a popular and responsible government Signup and view all the answers

Which department was NOT part of the six departments established by Aguinaldo's government?

Education Signup and view all the answers

What significant event occurred on March 22, 1897, involving the Katipuneros?

The formation of a new government Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of La Liga Filipina?

To unify the archipelago and protect Filipinos Signup and view all the answers

What led to the execution of Bonifacio and his brother Procopio?

Insurrection against Aguinaldo's government Signup and view all the answers

What document did Bonifacio and his men sign to establish a new form of government?

The Naic Military Agreement Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the Os-Rox Mission?

To gain independence for the Philippines. Signup and view all the answers

What significant event occurred on June 19, 1944?

The start of American forces' move across the Pacific Ocean. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Hare-Hawes Cutting Act state regarding Philippine independence?

Independence is granted after a twelve-year period with conditions for US bases. Signup and view all the answers

What was proclaimed by General MacArthur on July 4, 1945?

The liberation of the Philippines from Japanese control. Signup and view all the answers

Which act granted parity rights to Americans regarding natural resources in the Philippines?

The Bell Trade Act. Signup and view all the answers

What major event happened on March 25, 1986?

Corazon Aquino proclaimed a provisional constitution. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of the Constitutional Commission (ConCom) established in the 1987 Constitution?

To create a system of checks and balances in government. Signup and view all the answers

Which event directly followed the bombing of Hiroshima?

The bombing of Nagasaki. Signup and view all the answers

What change did the 1973 Constitution bring to the Philippine system of government?

It implemented a modified parliamentary system. Signup and view all the answers

When was Martial Law declared in the Philippines by President Ferdinand Marcos?

September 21, 1972 Signup and view all the answers

What event occurred on February 25, 1986, in the Philippines?

The EDSA People Power Revolution Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant cause for the people’s clamor for democracy in the Philippines in 1983?

The assassination of Senator Benigno Aquino Signup and view all the answers

What powers did Ferdinand Marcos exercise after the adoption of the 1973 Constitution?

Both executive and legislative powers Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the 1986 snap election declared by Marcos?

Corazon Aquino claimed victory amid claims of fraud. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the removal of the President from office is accurate?

Removal can happen through impeachment and conviction. Signup and view all the answers

Which significant action took place in January 1981 in relation to Martial Law?

Martial Law was lifted by Marcos. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Military Governance

Secret agreement between Spaniards and Americans to stage false battles for propaganda.
The military governor acted as the US President's representative, holding immense executive, legislative, and judicial authority.
Responsibilities included pacifying provinces defying US control.
Notable military governors include Wesley Merrit, Elwell Otis, and Arthur MacArthur.

Revolutionary Government

Aguinaldo established a dictatorial government on May 24, 1898, later transitioning to a revolutionary government with guidance from Apolinario Mabini.
The President became the Chief of State, leading a government with six key departments: Foreign Affairs, War, Interior, Welfare, Justice, and Treasury.

Schurman and Taft Commissions

Schurman Commission, led by Dr. Jacob Schurman, aimed to investigate island conditions and recommend US sovereignty enforcement.
Taft Commission, chaired by William Howard Taft, focused on establishing a civil government to prepare Filipinos for self-governance.

Reform Movement and Katipunan

The Katipunan formed on March 22, 1897, aimed for political and social reform, with Aguinaldo as President and Bonifacio as Director of the Interior.
The organization sought to address issues like Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes and equality.
La Solidaridad, edited by Marcelo H. Del Pilar, served as the propaganda organ, promoting reform ideas.

Execution of Bonifacio

Bonifacio was tried for treason and executed on May 10, 1897, along with his brother Procopio, highlighting internal conflict within the revolutionary movement.

Spanish Colonial Administration

The 1571 establishment of Manila as the capital marked a significant political change.
Governance was centralized, with power moving from the Council of Indies to the Governor-General, the king's representative in the colony.

Philippine Independence Movement

Os-Rox Mission, led by Osmeña and Roxas, sought independence from the US.
Hare-Hawes Cutting Act promised independence after a Commonwealth period while retaining US military access.
Key events in WWII included the Battle of the Philippine Sea and MacArthur's proclamation of liberation on July 4, 1945.

Constitutional Developments

Corazon Aquino introduced the “Freedom Constitution” on March 25, 1986, leading to a new Constitutional Commission.
The 1987 Constitution introduced a six-year presidential term and checks on martial law declaration, emphasizing accountability.

Martial Law and Its Aftermath

The Constitutional Convention began in June 1971, leading to the proclamation of Martial Law by Marcos on September 21, 1972.
The 1973 Constitution modified the government system and concentrated power in Marcos, who lifted Martial Law in 1981.

EDSA Revolution

The assassination of Senator Benigno Aquino on August 21, 1983, sparked widespread demand for democracy.
Marcos's snap election on February 7, 1986, led to accusations of fraud and culminated in the EDSA People Power Revolution, ultimately restoring democratic governance.

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Description

Explore the intricacies of military governance and the revolutionary government established by Aguinaldo during the Philippine-American War. Learn about key figures, commissions, and the structure of governance that shaped the era.