Milady Chapter 13 Review: Basics of Electricity

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Questions and Answers

Define electric current.

An electric current is the flow of electricity along a conductor.

Explain the difference between a conductor and a nonconductor (insulator).

A conductor is any material that conducts electricity. A nonconductor, also known as an insulator, is a material that does not transmit electricity.

Describe the two types of electric current and give examples of each.

Direct current (DC) is a constant current that travels in one direction, produced by chemical means. Examples include flashlights and mobile phones. Alternating current (AC) is a rapid current that changes direction, produced by mechanical means. Examples include hair dryers and lamps.

Explain the difference between a volt and an amp.

<p>A volt is the unit that measures the pressure or force that pushes electric current through a conductor. An amp measures the strength of an electric current.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define ohm.

<p>An ohm is a unit that measures the resistance of an electric current; current will not flow unless the voltage is stronger than the resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define watt and kilowatt.

<p>A watt measures how much electric energy is used in one second. A kilowatt is 1,000 watts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the function of a fuse.

<p>A fuse prevents excessive current from passing through a circuit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a circuit breaker?

<p>A circuit breaker automatically interrupts or shuts off an electric circuit at the first indication of an overload.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of grounding?

<p>Grounding completes an electric circuit and carries the current safely away.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List at least five steps to take for electrical safety.

<ol> <li>Ensure appliances are UL certified. 2. Read instructions carefully. 3. Inspect equipment regularly. 4. Keep wires and equipment in good repair. 5. Do not step on or place objects on cords.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

List and describe the two main electric modalities (currents) used in cosmetology.

<p>Galvanic current is a direct current that produces chemical changes in the body. Microcurrent is a low-level current that mirrors the body's electrical impulses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are electromagnetic radiation, visible light, and invisible light?

<p>Electromagnetic radiation is the energy that exists across a spectrum, with visible light being the part we can see, and invisible light found at either end of the visible spectrum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List and describe the two main types of light therapy.

<p>LASER stands for light amplification stimulation emission of radiation, used for medical treatments. LED is used to reduce acne, increase circulation, and improve collagen content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the benefits of LED therapies?

<p>LED therapy releases light onto the skin to stimulate specific responses at precise depths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the colors of LED lights and their wavelengths (nm).

<p>Blue light 570 nm reduces acne; Red light 640 nm increases circulation; Yellow light 590 nm reduces inflammation; Green light 525 nm reduces hyperpigmentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two important precautions to observe when using light therapy.

<p>Do not perform light therapy on those with light sensitivities or who are taking antibiotics; refer unsure clients to their physician.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Electric Current

The flow of electricity through a conductor.

Conductors

Materials that allow electricity to pass through them easily.

Insulators

Materials that resist the flow of electricity.

Direct Current (DC)

A form of electric current that flows in one direction, constantly.

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Alternating Current (AC)

A form of electric current that rapidly changes direction, flowing back and forth.

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Voltage (V)

The force that pushes electric current through a conductor.

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Ampere (A)

The measure of the strength of an electric current.

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Ohm (Ω)

The resistance to the flow of electric current.

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Watt (W)

The amount of energy used per second.

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Kilowatt (kW)

A unit of energy equal to 1,000 watts.

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Fuse

A safety device that prevents excessive current flow in a circuit by melting and breaking it open.

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Circuit Breaker

An automatic device that interrupts a circuit when an overload is detected.

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Grounding

A safety feature that provides a path for electrical current to safely flow to the ground in case of a fault.

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Galvanic Current

Constant direct current with positive and negative poles used to induce chemical changes in body tissues.

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Microcurrent

Very low level of electricity mimicking the body's natural impulses, used in beauty treatments.

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LASER

Light Amplification Stimulation Emission of Radiation, used for hair removal and skin treatments.

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Study Notes

Basics of Electricity

  • Electric current is the flow of electricity through a conductor.
  • Conductors allow electricity to flow, while nonconductors (insulators) do not transmit electricity.

Types of Electric Current

  • Direct Current (DC):
    • Constant, flowing in one direction.
    • Produced by chemical means (e.g., batteries).
    • Used in flashlights, mobile phones, and cordless tools.
  • Alternating Current (AC):
    • Rapidly changes direction, flowing back and forth.
    • Produced by mechanical means, changing direction 60 times per second.
    • Commonly used in corded hair dryers, curling irons, electric files, and lamps.

Electrical Units

  • Volt (V): Measures the pressure that pushes electric current through a conductor.
  • Ampere (A): Measures the strength of an electric current.
  • Ohm (Ω): Measures the resistance to electric current; current flows only if voltage is greater than resistance.
  • Watt (W): Energy usage per second; a 40-watt light bulb represents 40 watts used in one second.
  • Kilowatt (kW): Equivalent to 1,000 watts; household electricity measured in kilowatts per hour (kWh).

Electrical Safety Devices

  • Fuse: Protects by preventing excess current from passing through a circuit.
  • Circuit Breaker: Automatically interrupts a circuit at overload detection.
  • Grounding: Completes a circuit and safely directs current away.

Electrical Safety Practices

  • Ensure appliance safety standards by using UL certified devices.
  • Read equipment instructions thoroughly.
  • Regularly inspect electrical equipment.
  • Maintain wires and plugs in good condition, avoiding damage.
  • Keep cords untangled and avoid placing objects on electrical cords.

Electric Modalities in Cosmetology

  • Galvanic Current:
    • Constant direct current with positive and negative poles.
    • Causes chemical changes in body tissues.
  • Microcurrent:
    • Very low level of electricity mimicking the body’s natural impulses.

Light and Electromagnetic Radiation

  • Electromagnetic Spectrum: Includes all forms of radiation energy.
  • Visible Light: Part of the spectrum visible to the human eye.
  • Invisible Light: Exists at the ends of the visible spectrum, undetectable by the naked eye.

Light Therapy Types

  • LASER:
    • Light Amplification Stimulation Emission of Radiation.
    • Used for hair removal and skin treatments.
  • LED (Light Emitting Diode):
    • Reduces acne, increases blood circulation, enhances collagen content in skin.

Benefits and Precautions of LED Therapy

  • LED therapy stimulates skin response at specific tissue depths.
  • Precautions:
    • Avoid treatment for individuals with photosensitivities or those under certain medical conditions (e.g., cancer, epilepsy).
    • Refer unsure clients to their physician.

LED Light Colors and Their Effects

  • Blue Light (570 nm): Reduces acne and bacteria.
  • Red Light (640 nm): Enhances circulation, boosts collagen/elastin production, stimulates healing.
  • Yellow Light (590 nm): Reduces swelling, improves lymphatic flow, detoxifies.
  • Green Light (525 nm): Reduces hyperpigmentation and redness, calms skin.

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