Questions and Answers
The branch of science that applies to substances that contain carbon is called ___________ Chemistry.
Organic
All hair color products are organic chemicals which means they ____________.
Contain carbon and hydrogen
What is the study of substances that lack the element carbon but may contain the element hydrogen?
Inorganic Chemistry
A characteristic of all inorganic substances is that they ____________.
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The simplest form of chemical matter that cannot be broken down without the loss of identity is an __________.
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There are _________ naturally occurring elements each with its own distinct physical and chemical properties.
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The basic unit of matter with a nucleus at the center surrounded by negatively charged electrons that move around the nucleus in orbits is an ______.
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Chemically combining two or more atoms produces a ______.
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The chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements produces a(n) ______.
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Sodium chloride is an example of a(n) _______.
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What state of matter has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container?
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A solution with a pH value of seven indicates a(n) ______ solution.
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An ion with a positive electrical charge is considered to be __________.
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What term refers to the separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions?
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An atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge is a(n) ______.
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Being capable of combining with or attracting water (water loving) is defined as _______.
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Having an affinity or attraction to fat and oils (oil loving) is defined as ____________.
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What is an example of an oil in the water emulsion of two immiscible liquids?
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Substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products are ______________?
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What is an example of an ammonia compound that is used to perform chemical services in a salon?
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A sweet colorless oily substance that is used as a moisturizer in skin and body creams is ________.
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A common volatile organic compound used in hair spray is ________.
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What is an example of a chemical property?
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Change in the form of a substance that does not cause a chemical reaction is an ______ change.
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The oxidation of hair color is an example of a _________.
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What type of chemical reaction results in the oxidizing agent being reduced and the reducing agent being oxidized?
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Chemical reactions that are characterized by giving off heat are _______.
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The rapid oxidation of a substance accompanied by the production of heat and light is known as _____.
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A chemical combination of matter in definite (fixed) proportions is a _______.
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Air contains many substances including nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor and is an example of a _______.
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A stable physical mixture of two or more substances in a solvent is an _____.
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A substance usually liquid that dissolves another substance to form a solution is a _____.
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Mutually soluble liquids that can be mixed together to form clear solutions are _____.
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Water and alcohol are examples of miscible liquids.
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An unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances is a(n) _________.
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Substances that allow oil and water to mix or emulsify are _______.
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Study Notes
Chemistry Fundamentals
- Organic chemistry involves substances containing carbon.
- Hair color products are classified as organic chemicals, thus containing carbon and hydrogen.
Types of Chemistry
- Inorganic chemistry studies substances that lack carbon but may contain hydrogen.
- Inorganic substances are characterized by the absence of carbon.
Matter and Its Composition
- An element is the simplest form of chemical matter and cannot be broken down without losing its identity.
- There are 98 naturally occurring elements, each with unique physical and chemical properties.
- An atom is the basic unit of matter, consisting of a nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons.
Chemical Combinations
- A molecule forms when two or more atoms chemically combine.
- A compound results from the chemical combination of atoms from different elements, with sodium chloride being a common example of a compound molecule.
States and Properties of Matter
- Liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of their containers.
- A neutral solution has a pH value of seven.
Ions and Ionization
- Cations are ions with a positive charge.
- Ionization refers to the process of separating an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions.
- Ions are charged atoms or molecules.
Hydrophilic and Lipophilic
- Hydrophilic describes substances that attract water.
- Lipophilic refers to substances that attract fats and oils.
Solutions and Mixtures
- Cold cream exemplifies an oil-in-water emulsion.
- Alkanolamines are substances used to neutralize acids and raise pH in hair products.
- Ammonium hydroxide is an ammonia compound commonly used in salons.
Moisturizing Agents
- Glycerin is a colorless, sweet oily substance used as a moisturizer in skin and body creams.
- Ethyl alcohol is a volatile organic compound frequently used in hair spray.
Chemical Properties and Changes
- The ability of a substance to rust is a chemical property.
- Physical changes do not cause a chemical reaction, while chemical changes involve transformations like hair color oxidation.
Chemical Reactions
- Redox reactions occur when the oxidizing agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized.
- Exothermic reactions release heat.
- Combustion is the rapid oxidation of a substance producing heat and light.
Pure Substances and Mixtures
- A pure substance consists of matter in fixed proportions.
- Air is an example of a physical mixture, containing nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.
Solutions and Solvents
- A stable physical mixture of substances in a solvent is referred to as a solution.
- A solvent dissolves another substance to form a solution.
Miscibility and Emulsions
- Miscible liquids can mix to form clear solutions, with water and alcohol being examples.
- An emulsion is an unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances.
- Surfactants are substances that enable oil and water to mix or emulsify.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards based on Milady's Chapter 12. This chapter focuses on the principles of organic and inorganic chemistry, especially in relation to hair color products. Perfect for cosmetology students and professionals looking to refresh their understanding.
