Migration Patterns

Study Notes

Internal Migration: Movement of people within a country, often from rural to urban areas, in search of better economic opportunities, education, or healthcare.
International Migration: Movement of people across international borders, often driven by conflict, persecution, poverty, or environmental factors.
Push and Pull Factors:
- Push factors: War, persecution, poverty, and natural disasters that force people to leave their homes.
- Pull factors: Better economic opportunities, education, healthcare, and living conditions that attract people to a new location.

World Population Growth Rate: Average annual rate of change of the population, currently around 1.09% (2020 est.).
High-Fertility Countries: Countries with high total fertility rates (TFRs), >2.1 children per woman, mainly in Africa and parts of Asia.
Low-Fertility Countries: Countries with low TFRs, <2.1 children per woman, mainly in Europe, East Asia, and North America.

Urbanization Rate: Percentage of the population living in urban areas, increasing globally, with 55% of the population projected to live in urban areas by 2025.
Urban Agglomerations: Large urban areas, often with over 1 million inhabitants, posing challenges for infrastructure, housing, and service provision.
Slum Formation: Informal settlements, often lacking basic services, that emerge in urban areas due to rapid urbanization and lack of affordable housing.

Aging Population: Proportion of older persons (65+ years) increasing globally, with significant implications for healthcare, pension systems, and labor markets.
Youth Bulge: Large proportions of young people (15-24 years) in some countries, posing challenges for education, employment, and social stability.
Dependency Ratio: Ratio of dependents (children and older persons) to working-age population, affecting economic growth and social security systems.

Internal migration occurs within a country, driven by pursuits of better economic opportunities, education, or healthcare, often from rural to urban areas.
International migration involves crossing international borders, often prompted by conflict, persecution, poverty, or environmental factors.

Push factors forcing people to leave their homes include war, persecution, poverty, and natural disasters.
Pull factors attracting people to new locations include better economic opportunities, education, healthcare, and living conditions.

The world population growth rate is approximately 1.09% annually (2020 estimate).
High-fertility countries have total fertility rates (TFRs) exceeding 2.1 children per woman, primarily found in Africa and parts of Asia.
Low-fertility countries have lower TFRs, resulting in slower population growth.

In 2007, the urban population exceeded the rural population for the first time in history, with 3.3 billion people living in cities.
Africa and Asia are urbanizing at a rate of 3-4% per annum, while Latin America and the Caribbean are urbanizing at a rate of 2-3% per annum.
As of 2016, there were 31 mega-cities with populations over 10 million, with Tokyo being the largest at 38 million.
Urbanization is often accompanied by challenges such as increased poverty, inequality, and strain on resources.

The global population is projected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050 and 11.2 billion by 2100, with an average annual growth rate of 1.09%.
Africa is projected to have the highest population growth rate at 2.55%, while Europe is projected to have a decline in population.
The total fertility rate (TFR) is declining globally, with an average of 2.4 children per woman in 2019.
Population growth can continue due to population momentum from previous high birth rates, even if TFR declines.

As of 2019, there were 272 million international migrants, with 59% of migrants living in Asia and Europe.
In 2019, there were 25.4 million refugees and 3.7 million asylum seekers worldwide.
Poverty, conflict, political instability, and environmental factors drive migration.
Migrants sent $689 billion in remittances to their countries of origin in 2018, with the largest recipients being India, China, and Mexico.

The global population is aging, with the proportion of people aged 65 and older projected to increase from 9.3% in 2019 to 16.2% in 2050.
As of 2019, 1.2 billion people (16% of the global population) were between the ages of 15 and 24.
The dependency ratio (ratio of dependents to working-age population) is increasing, placing pressure on social security systems.
As of 2019, there were 101.6 males per 100 females, with some countries having significant gender imbalances due to son preference.