Migration Concepts and Ravenstein's Laws

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Questions and Answers

Define immigration:

migration into a country or region

Define emigration:

migration from or out of a country or region

What are Ravenstein's two laws for distance in relation to migrants?

1: most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country. 2: long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity.

What is the difference between international and internal migration?

International - a permanent move from one country to another; Internal - a permanent move within the same country. Signup and view all the answers

What type of push factors are usually responsible for voluntary migration?

Economic improvement Signup and view all the answers

What type of push factors are usually responsible for forced migration (refugees)?

Political or environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

Define interregional migration:

Movement from one region of a country to another Signup and view all the answers

Define intraregion migration:

Movement within one region Signup and view all the answers

In what stage of the DTM are most countries that send out immigrants?

Stage 2 Signup and view all the answers

What are the three countries that sent out the most immigrants from Asia in recent years?

China, Philippines, India, Vietnam Signup and view all the answers

List the four major waves of immigration to the US and the groups involved.

Ireland & Germany (1850s), Scandinavia (1880s), South and East Europe (1900s), and Asia & Latin America (1980s-present) Signup and view all the answers

What is the famous example of large-scale interregional migration in the US?

The opening of the American West Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'population center'?

The average location of everyone in the country Signup and view all the answers

What developments in transportation eventually encouraged settlement to the Mississippi?

The building of canals Signup and view all the answers

What was the first intervening obstacle that hindered American settlement of the interior of the continent?

The Appalachians Signup and view all the answers

How did the railroads encourage settlement of the American interior?

Financed large grants from the government, then allowed for larger transportation Signup and view all the answers

For what two reasons have people been migrating to the South in recent years?

Job opportunities and warmer climate Signup and view all the answers

In Russia, where has interregional migration occurred, why, and how?

Siberia because of the want to develop the far North, especially Siberia, by adding policies and forcing citizens to move Signup and view all the answers

In Canada, where has interregional migration occurred, why, and how?

Where: From east to west (Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan); Why: Gold; How: net-out migration Signup and view all the answers

In China, where has interregional migration occurred, why, and how?

Where: interior of country to large urban areas on east coast; Why: Jobs are plentiful, especially in factories; How: the government has lifted many restrictions in recent years Signup and view all the answers

In Brazil, where has interregional migration occurred, why, and how?

Where: Brasília; Why: Jobs; How: net-out to net-in migration Signup and view all the answers

Where has the US seen net growth and net loss within its regions?

Growth: West & South; Loss: Midwest & Northeast Signup and view all the answers

Define/describe urbanization, suburbanization, and counterurbanization

Urbanization: the increase in the percentage of the population living in cities; Suburbanization: the growth of areas on the edges of cities; Counterurbanization: net migration from urban to rural areas in MDCs Signup and view all the answers

What are push and pull factors?

Push: induces people to move out of present location; Pull: induces people to move into a new location Signup and view all the answers

Give examples of political push and pull factors:

Push: slavery, political conflict, refugees, IDPs, and asylum seekers; Pull: stable government Signup and view all the answers

Give examples of environmental push and pull factors:

Push: hazardous ones like deserts, flooding, droughts, floodplains; Pull: physically attractive regions like mountains, seasides, and warm climates Signup and view all the answers

Give examples of economic push and pull factors:

Push: few job opportunities; Pull: strong economies Signup and view all the answers

Define guest worker:

a term once used for a worker who migrated to the developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa in search of a higher-paying job Signup and view all the answers

Why are China and Southwest Asia major destinations for migrants?

Booming economies, oil industry is growing Signup and view all the answers

Define intervening obstacle:

an environmental or political feature that hinders migration Signup and view all the answers

How does physical geography affect migration?

can prevent major migration and migration streams or restrict movement to places Signup and view all the answers

How does transportation affect migration?

makes intervening obstacles less of a problem Signup and view all the answers

How do political concerns/laws affect migration?

restricts big numbers of immigration Signup and view all the answers

Define brain drain:

large scale emigration by talented people Signup and view all the answers

Define chain migration:

the migration of people to a specific location because relatives/members of the same nationality previously migrated there Signup and view all the answers

What are undocumented immigrants?

immigrants who enter without proper documentation Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical gender, age, and education of migrants?

Male, 40% between 20 and 35, and not likely to have a high school diploma Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immigration and Emigration

Immigration refers to the migration into a country or region.
Emigration denotes migration out of a country or region.

Ravenstein's Laws

Most migrants relocate short distances, typically within their home country.
Long-distance migrants tend to move to major economic centers.

Types of Migration

International migration involves a permanent shift from one country to another.
Internal migration occurs within the same country.

Push Factors

Economic improvement is a primary driver for voluntary migration.
Forced migration is often influenced by political or environmental push factors.

Types of Migration Movement

Interregional migration is the movement from one region of a country to another.
Intraregional migration refers to movement within a single region.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Most countries sending out immigrants are in Stage 2 of the DTM.

Major Immigrant-Sending Countries in Asia

The largest senders of immigrants from Asia include China, the Philippines, India, and Vietnam.

Waves of Immigration to the US

Significant waves include:
- Ireland & Germany (1850s)
- Scandinavia (1880s)
- Southern & Eastern Europe (1900s)
- Asia & Latin America (1980s-present).

Interregional Migration in the US

A notable example is the westward expansion during the settling of the American West.

Population Center

Represents the average location of all individuals living in a country.

Transportation Developments

Canals were crucial in promoting settlement along and towards the Mississippi River.

Obstacles to American Settlement

The Appalachian Mountains served as the first significant barrier to interior settlement.

Role of Railroads

Railroads promoted interior settlement by providing transportation and land grants.

Recent Migration Trends to the South

Reasons include job opportunities and a more favorable warmer climate.

Interregional Migration in Russia

Involves movement to Siberia, motivated by development initiatives and policy enforcement.

Interregional Migration in Canada

Movements are from east to west driven by gold discoveries and net-out migration.

Interregional Migration in China

Movement from the interior to urban coastal cities fueled by job availability due to reduced government restrictions.

Migration Trends in Brazil

Brasília has experienced net-in migration focusing on job opportunities.

Regional Growth and Decline in the US

Growth observed in the West and South, while the Midwest and Northeast face population loss.

Urbanization Trends

Urbanization: Increased urban population percentages.
Suburbanization: Growth of suburban areas surrounding cities.
Counterurbanization: Urban to rural area migration trends in more developed countries.

Push and Pull Factors

Push factors compel movement away from a location.
Pull factors attract individuals to a new location.

Political Push and Pull Factors

Push factors include slavery, political conflict, and refugees.
Pull factors involve stability and political safety.

Environmental Push and Pull Factors

Hazards like deserts and flooding act as push factors.
Attractive locations like beaches and mountains serve as pull factors.

Economic Push and Pull Factors

Lack of job opportunities pushes migration.
Robust economic conditions pull migrants to new locations.

Guest Workers

Historically referred to workers migrating to developed nations from less developed regions seeking better employment.

Major Migration Destinations

China and Southwest Asia attract migrants due to booming economies and growth in the oil sector.

Intervening Obstacles

Environmental or political features that hinder or complicate migration efforts.

Effects of Geography on Migration

Physical geography can restrict migration flow and define migration paths.

Transportation Impact

Advances in transportation reduce the significance of physical barriers to migration.

Political Effects on Migration

Laws and regulations can limit immigration numbers, influencing who can migrate.

Brain Drain

Refers to a large-scale emigration of highly skilled or educated individuals.

Chain Migration

Occurs when migrants move to a location where family or members of the same nationality have previously settled.

Undocumented Immigrants

Individuals who enter a country without the necessary legal documentation.

Characteristics of Migrants

Typically male, with around 40% aged between 20 and 35, often lacking a high school diploma.

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Description

This quiz covers essential definitions and concepts related to immigration and emigration. It explores Ravenstein's two laws regarding the distance migrants travel and distinguishes between international and internal migration. Also, it highlights the push factors affecting voluntary and forced migration.