Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic symptom of late-life migraine equivalents?
Which option describes a specific subtype of migraine associated with visual symptoms?
What type of medication is NOT typically used for abortive treatment of migraines?
Which of the following correctly identifies a common symptom of cluster headaches?
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Which agent is considered a prophylactic treatment for migraines?
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What is a potential trigger for cluster headaches?
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Which of the following symptoms is associated with both migraine and cluster headache?
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Which compound is commonly used as an antiemetic in migraine treatment?
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What is a common trigger for cluster headaches?
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Which prophylactic treatment is most commonly used for cluster headaches?
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Which characteristic is not associated with tension-type headaches?
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How does paroxysmal hemicrania primarily differ from cluster headaches?
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What is a primary reason why botulinum toxin is not effective for tension-type headaches?
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Which treatment option is specifically indicated for abortive therapy in cluster headaches?
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At what age is tension-type headache typically noted to begin?
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What medication is often effective for prophylactic treatment of tension-type headaches?
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What is the primary neurotransmitter involved in the pathogenesis of migraine?
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Which of the following is NOT a clinical criterion for diagnosing migraine without aura?
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Which of the following best describes the most common type of aura experienced in migraine patients?
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What recent theory is considered most acceptable regarding the pathogenesis of migraine?
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In patients with hemiplegic migraine, how can the motor manifestations be differentiated from a stroke?
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CGRP receptor antagonists have been shown to be effective in what aspect of migraine management?
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Which of the following is a characteristic feature of migraines that may lead to sensitivity?
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What percentage of migraine patients are estimated to experience migraine with aura?
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What is the most common characteristic of pain in glossopharyngeal neuralgia?
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Which imaging technique may be most helpful in identifying microvascular nerve compression in trigeminal neuralgia?
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What non-surgical treatment is NOT listed as a common option for trigeminal neuralgia?
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In which of the following conditions might similar pain to trigeminal neuralgia be present?
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What symptom may indicate a more serious underlying condition in patients with trigeminal neuralgia?
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Which trigger may initiate pain in glossopharyngeal neuralgia?
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What distinguishes glossopharyngeal neuralgia from trigeminal neuralgia concerning gender prevalence?
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Which treatment option is commonly resorted to after failing conservative medical therapy for trigeminal neuralgia?
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What is the primary treatment for acute attacks of cluster headaches?
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Which characteristic is NOT associated with trigeminal neuralgia?
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What is a significant feature of coital headaches?
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Which statement about Sunct and Suna is FALSE?
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Which demographic is more likely to develop trigeminal neuralgia?
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What is a common prophylactic treatment for coital headaches?
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What distinguishes cluster headaches from other primary headaches?
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In treating sunct headaches, which medication is used for prophylaxis?
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Study Notes
Headache Types and Characteristics
- Episodic Headache: Involves sensitivity to light, sound, or movement, often accompanied by nausea and vomiting.
- Migraine Pathogenesis: Linked to dysfunction in monoaminergic sensory control systems in the brainstem and hypothalamus.
- CGRP Role: Activation of trigeminal nucleus cells releases calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), contributing to migraine symptoms.
- CGRP Antagonists: Gepants are effective in treating and preventing migraines; monoclonal antibodies targeting CGRP have shown promise in clinical trials.
- Migraine Theories: A shift from genetic and vascular theories towards an immune theory as the leading explanation for migraine.
Migraine Clinical Criteria
- Migraine Without Aura: Defined by at least 5 episodes lasting 4-72 hours, with characteristics including unilateral pain, throbbing sensation, moderate to severe intensity, and interference with daily activities.
- Migraine Aura: Occurs in 30% of cases, characterized by transient neurological symptoms preceding a headache, such as visual, sensory, or motor auras. Auras can cause persistent neurological deficits and occasionally lead to stroke in hemiplegic migraines.
Associated Symptoms
- Common associations with migraine include nausea, photophobia, lightheadedness, vomiting, visual disturbances, and sometimes more severe neurological symptoms.
Treatment Options
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Abortive Treatment:
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like naproxen, ibuprofen, and combinations of aspirin and caffeine.
- Antiemetics, such as metoclopramide, prochlorperazine, and promethazine.
- Triptans, including sumatriptan and zolmitriptan, and ergotamine derivatives.
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Prophylactic Treatment:
- Antiepileptics (Topiramate, valproate, gabapentin)
- Beta blockers (propranolol, metoprolol)
- Tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline, nortriptyline)
- Calcium channel blockers (verapamil)
Cluster Headache
- Characterized by brief, severe unilateral headaches lasting 15-180 minutes, often triggered by alcohol or vasodilators.
- Accompanied by ipsilateral conjunctival injection, lacrimation, and nasal stuffiness. Typically occurs at night and is more common in men, with a mean onset age of 25.
Cluster Headache Treatment
-
Abortive Treatment:
- High-concentration oxygen.
- Triptans administered subcutaneously or intranasally.
- Ergotamine or dihydroergotamine for acute relief.
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Prophylactic Treatment:
- Verapamil, topiramate, valproic acid, gabapentin, and melatonin.
Tension Headache
- Chronic headaches with unknown pathophysiology, starting after age 20.
- Features bilateral non-throbbing pain without nausea or vomiting. Pain can last from hours to days and is often described as a tight band around the head.
- Effectiveness of treatments includes NSAIDs and occasionally triptans for migraineurs.
Paroxysmal Hemicrania
- A primary headache type with episodes lasting 2-5 minutes occurring multiple times (10-20 times per day).
- Symptoms mirror cluster headaches and respond well to indomethacin.
Suicidal Headache and SUNA
- Both are primary headaches characterized by bouts lasting seconds to minutes.
- Treatment typically includes indomethacin for abortive therapy and lamotrigine for prophylaxis.
Coital Headache
- Benign headaches associated with sexual activity, more common in men.
- Pain can be dull during excitement or severe at orgasm, requiring evaluation for possible subarachnoid hemorrhage if persistent.
- Indomethacin may be effective when taken before intercourse.
Trigeminal Neuralgia
- A facial pain syndrome primarily affecting women, characterized by unilateral rapid jabs of excruciating pain.
- Triggered by sensory stimulation in the facial area.
- Treatment includes carbamazepine, oxycarbazepine, and surgical options if medical intervention fails.
Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
- Rare syndrome causing unilateral pain in the oropharynx, similar to trigeminal neuralgia.
- Symptoms can be triggered by swallowing or talking, more common in women and beginning at a younger age.
- Pain reproduction via trigger zones confirms diagnosis; no neurological abnormalities typically detected.
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Description
This quiz covers the key features and pathogenesis of migraines, including episodes of headache and associated symptoms like sensitivity to light and sound. Additionally, it explores the role of different brain systems in the sensory sensitivity characteristic of migraines and the involvement of vasoactive neuropeptides in the pain mechanism.
