Questions and Answers
What was one of the main ideas presented in John Locke's Two Treatises of Government?
Which of the following groups significantly contributed to the diversity of the Middle Colonies?
What was a significant outcome of the Stono Rebellion in 1739?
What percentage of the British North American population in the 1700s was English?
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Which city had the largest population in the colonies by 1775?
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How did the Enlightenment influence ideas about governance?
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Which of the following populations were recorded as part of the non-white demographics in British North America in the 1700s?
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What factor contributed to the fast growth of the Middle Colonies?
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What was a significant societal contribution of Benjamin Franklin during the colonial period?
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Which idea from the Enlightenment most influenced governance in the American colonies?
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What was a key factor in the occurrence of the Stono Rebellion?
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What was a demographic trend observed in British North America during the colonial period?
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What characterized the diversity of the Middle Colonies compared to other regions?
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What was one of the repercussions of the high birth rates in the colonies?
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How did the governance of the English colonies differ from that of Spanish or French colonies?
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Which cultural practice did enslaved Africans maintain in the New World?
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What significant event did James II's rule lead to in 1688?
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Which colony was established by George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) in 1634?
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What was the significance of the Mayflower Compact signed in 1620?
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What major agricultural product contributed to the survival of Jamestown?
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Which legislative act was introduced in Maryland in 1649 to promote religious equality?
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Who was the leader of the Massachusetts Bay Colony at its founding in 1630?
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What was a key factor in the establishment of a General Assembly in Jamestown in 1619?
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What did Roger Williams advocate for in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1631?
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Study Notes
Middle Colonies Overview
- Composed of New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland.
- Noted for ethnically and religiously diverse populations.
- Climate conducive to agriculture, better than that of New England.
- Major rivers such as the Hudson and Delaware facilitate access to interior regions.
- Fastest-growing region in North America due to fertile land and established trade routes.
Settlement in Pennsylvania
- Significant German migration in the late 1600s to escape religious persecution.
- Large influx of Ulster-Scots (Scots-Irish) occurred during the 1690s.
Demographics of British North America (1700s)
- Population composition: 61% English, 14% Scottish/Scots-Irish, 9% German, 5% Dutch/French/Swedish, 4% Irish, 7% of mixed origins.
- Non-White populations included approximately 756,770 enslaved Africans and 100,000 Native Americans.
Race-Based Slavery
- Slavery was not considered a moral issue in the 18th century.
- By 1750, most enslaved individuals resided in Virginia and Maryland.
Stono Rebellion (1739)
- Occurred on September 10, 1739, led by Jemmy.
- A group of 20 slaves gathered and marched south, killing several white settlers.
- Governor William Bull organized a militia to suppress the revolt, resulting in 20 white settlers and 44 slaves killed.
- Aftermath included severe punishments for captured slaves and stricter laws against future rebellions.
Colonial Cities Population by 1775
- Philadelphia: 30,000
- New York City: 25,000
- Boston: 16,000
- Charleston: 12,000
Influence of Cities
- Only 5% of the population lived in towns, yet cities were centers of ideas, politics, and economics.
- Taverns served as prominent social hubs, outnumbering other businesses.
Enlightenment Ideas
- Emphasized that knowledge could drive human progress.
- Isaac Newton's laws reframed understanding of the universe in terms of natural laws.
Two Treatises of Government by John Locke
- Rejected the divine right of kings and advocated for government based on mutual consent.
- Proposed that a king could be removed if consent from the governed is lost.
Benjamin Franklin
- Born in 1706, moved to Philadelphia at 17 to pursue opportunities.
- Worked initially as a printer under his brother.
Indentured Servitude
- Defined as a contract where individuals agreed to work for a set period for passage to America and basic needs.
- Indentured servants had rights and could own property, unlike enslaved individuals.
Slavery in America
- First African slaves arrived in Virginia in 1619; by 1700, slavery existed in all American colonies.
- During 1700-1800, 6-7 million African slaves were transported to North America.
African Slavery Dynamics
- African leaders actively participated in the slave trade.
- The Middle Passage was a brutal journey, with a 1 in 6 mortality rate during transit.
- Slaves were treated as property, enduring branding and auctions.
African Culture in the New World
- Cultural practices included storytelling, crafts, and music, serving as coping mechanisms.
- Many merged Christian beliefs with traditional African religion.
English Colonial Legacy
- In the 18th century, English colonies surpassed French and Spanish in size and influence.
- The colonies were largely self-governing with minimal royal oversight.
- Population doubled every 25 years; by 1750, the population exceeded 1 million, reaching 2.5 million by 1775.
Status of Women
- Women faced societal inferiority and were primarily tasked with domestic roles.
- New job opportunities developed in the colonies amid growing responsibilities.
Monarchical Crisis and English Governance
- James II, a Catholic, succeeded Charles II, leading to the "Glorious Revolution" where Mary Stuart and William III were invited to displace him.
Key Settlements and Developments
- Jamestown (1607): First permanent English settlement, faced harsh conditions, and survived through trade with Algonquin tribes.
- Maryland Colony (1634): Founded by George Calvert, known for the Act of Toleration (1649) promoting religious equality.
- Plymouth Colony (1620): Pilgrims signed the Mayflower Compact, establishing self-governance.
- Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630): Settled by Puritans, enforced strict religious governance, and developed a political constitution independent of royal control.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the Middle Colonies, including their demographics, settlement patterns, and the impact of race-based slavery in the 18th century. Learn about the diverse populations, agricultural advantages, and significant migrations that shaped this region of British North America.
