Podcast
Questions and Answers
What contributes to resolving Industry vs. Inferiority positively, according to Erikson's theory?
What contributes to resolving Industry vs. Inferiority positively, according to Erikson's theory?
- Avoiding negative responses from family, teachers, and peers
- Experiences that lead to the development of a sense of competence (correct)
- Being better than peers in specific skills and tasks
- Receiving praise and rewards from family and teachers
What is a key aspect of self-concept refinement during middle childhood?
What is a key aspect of self-concept refinement during middle childhood?
- Organizing observations of behaviors and internal states into general dispositions (correct)
- Avoiding social comparisons with others
- Emulating the behaviors of admired peers
- Seeking approval and validation from authority figures
How do children's cognitive development and feedback from others affect the changing structure of their self-concept?
How do children's cognitive development and feedback from others affect the changing structure of their self-concept?
- Lead to a fixed and unchanging self-concept
- Cause a detachment from social comparisons
- Combine typical experiences and behaviors into stable psychological dispositions (correct)
- Prevent the incorporation of feedback into self-perception
What is the perspective taking skill crucial for, according to George Mead's perspective?
What is the perspective taking skill crucial for, according to George Mead's perspective?
What capacity does middle childhood bring, according to the text?
What capacity does middle childhood bring, according to the text?
What is the main consequence of resolving Industry vs. Inferiority negatively, based on the text?
What is the main consequence of resolving Industry vs. Inferiority negatively, based on the text?
What is the key outcome of the Industry vs. Inferiority stage, according to Erikson's theory?
What is the key outcome of the Industry vs. Inferiority stage, according to Erikson's theory?
What type of coping mechanism do middle childhood children use when they appraise a situation as changeable?
What type of coping mechanism do middle childhood children use when they appraise a situation as changeable?
How do middle childhood children explain emotions?
How do middle childhood children explain emotions?
What drives middle childhood children to make amends and strive for self-improvement?
What drives middle childhood children to make amends and strive for self-improvement?
Between which ages do children become more aware of circumstances likely to spark mixed emotions?
Between which ages do children become more aware of circumstances likely to spark mixed emotions?
What enhances children's moral understanding in middle childhood?
What enhances children's moral understanding in middle childhood?
What type of coping mechanism do middle childhood children use when they appraise a situation as unchangeable?
What type of coping mechanism do middle childhood children use when they appraise a situation as unchangeable?
What do middle childhood children experience when their actions are not under their control?
What do middle childhood children experience when their actions are not under their control?
What do mastery oriented children attribute their success to?
What do mastery oriented children attribute their success to?
How do learned helplessness children interpret failure?
How do learned helplessness children interpret failure?
What do mastery oriented children focus on?
What do mastery oriented children focus on?
What is the incremental view of ability associated with?
What is the incremental view of ability associated with?
What is the term for an expectation or belief that can influence behaviors, thus causing the belief to come true?
What is the term for an expectation or belief that can influence behaviors, thus causing the belief to come true?
Which type of praise emphasizes a child's traits when they succeed?
Which type of praise emphasizes a child's traits when they succeed?
What intervention encourages learned helplessness children to believe that they can overcome failure by exerting more effort and using better strategies?
What intervention encourages learned helplessness children to believe that they can overcome failure by exerting more effort and using better strategies?
Which group of children is less often targets of parental anger and cope more effectively with adversity after a divorce?
Which group of children is less often targets of parental anger and cope more effectively with adversity after a divorce?
What is the long-term consequence of divorce on children's academic achievement, self-esteem, social competence, and emotional and behavioral adjustment?
What is the long-term consequence of divorce on children's academic achievement, self-esteem, social competence, and emotional and behavioral adjustment?
How do girls typically respond to divorce, according to the text?
How do girls typically respond to divorce, according to the text?
Which group has a higher risk for adjustment problems in divorce, according to the text?
Which group has a higher risk for adjustment problems in divorce, according to the text?
What percentage of tenth graders have tried at least one illegal drug?
What percentage of tenth graders have tried at least one illegal drug?
What is the percentage of births to unwed mothers in Bulgaria?
What is the percentage of births to unwed mothers in Bulgaria?
What percentage of teenagers who had sexual intercourse become pregnant?
What percentage of teenagers who had sexual intercourse become pregnant?
What is the graduation rate in the USA?
What is the graduation rate in the USA?
Which perspective describes adolescence as a period resembling an era when humans evolved?
Which perspective describes adolescence as a period resembling an era when humans evolved?
What is the term for the first menstruation in girls?
What is the term for the first menstruation in girls?
Which region of the brain becomes a more effective executive during adolescence?
Which region of the brain becomes a more effective executive during adolescence?
What is the most common nutritional problem of adolescents?
What is the most common nutritional problem of adolescents?
What eating disorder involves dieting, exercise, binge eating, and throwing up?
What eating disorder involves dieting, exercise, binge eating, and throwing up?
What has been the trend in North American attitudes towards premarital sex over the past 40 years?
What has been the trend in North American attitudes towards premarital sex over the past 40 years?
What percentage of sexually active teenagers in the US are at risk for unintended pregnancy due to no contraceptive use?
What percentage of sexually active teenagers in the US are at risk for unintended pregnancy due to no contraceptive use?
What age group has the highest rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the country?
What age group has the highest rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the country?
What is the most serious STD that often manifests 8–10 years later and is often infected during adolescence?
What is the most serious STD that often manifests 8–10 years later and is often infected during adolescence?
What is the recommended daily calorie intake range for boys during adolescence?
What is the recommended daily calorie intake range for boys during adolescence?
What is the term for the visible signs of sexual maturity that serve as additional signs of sexual maturity?
What is the term for the visible signs of sexual maturity that serve as additional signs of sexual maturity?
What is the term for the first ejaculation in boys?
What is the term for the first ejaculation in boys?
What is the term for the capacity developed in formal operational adolescents to come up with new, more general logical rules through internal reflection?
What is the term for the capacity developed in formal operational adolescents to come up with new, more general logical rules through internal reflection?
What is the term for the approach when faced with a problem formal operational adolescents start with a hypothesis or prediction about variables that might affect an outcome from which they deduce logical, testable inferences?
What is the term for the approach when faced with a problem formal operational adolescents start with a hypothesis or prediction about variables that might affect an outcome from which they deduce logical, testable inferences?
In the pendulum problem, what do formal operational adolescents hypothesize will affect the pendulum?
In the pendulum problem, what do formal operational adolescents hypothesize will affect the pendulum?
What can formal operational adolescents understand how to do in the pendulum problem that concrete operational children cannot?
What can formal operational adolescents understand how to do in the pendulum problem that concrete operational children cannot?
What is the term for the ability to think about language as a system?
What is the term for the ability to think about language as a system?
Which ability becomes more selective during adolescence and better adapted to the changing demands of tasks?
Which ability becomes more selective during adolescence and better adapted to the changing demands of tasks?
What is the term for the conscious, strategic recall that enables new information to be used flexibly and adaptively in contexts outside the original learning situation?
What is the term for the conscious, strategic recall that enables new information to be used flexibly and adaptively in contexts outside the original learning situation?
What type of tasks involve determining spatial relationships by considering the orientation of the surrounding environment?
What type of tasks involve determining spatial relationships by considering the orientation of the surrounding environment?
Which group shows an advantage in reading and writing achievement in adolescence?
Which group shows an advantage in reading and writing achievement in adolescence?
What is the term for the adolescents' belief that they are the focus of everyone else’s attention and concern?
What is the term for the adolescents' belief that they are the focus of everyone else’s attention and concern?
Which type of reasoning involves coordinating theories with evidence?
Which type of reasoning involves coordinating theories with evidence?
What is the term for the analysis of complete visual forms?
What is the term for the analysis of complete visual forms?
Which ability becomes more effective during adolescence, improving storage, representation, and retrieval of information?
Which ability becomes more effective during adolescence, improving storage, representation, and retrieval of information?
Which group shows an advantage in mental rotation tasks?
Which group shows an advantage in mental rotation tasks?
What is the term for the adolescents' belief that they have an inflated opinion of their own importance?
What is the term for the adolescents' belief that they have an inflated opinion of their own importance?
What is the term for the ability to evaluate the logic of verbal statements without referring to real-world circumstances?
What is the term for the ability to evaluate the logic of verbal statements without referring to real-world circumstances?
What is the most common psychological problem of adolescence?
What is the most common psychological problem of adolescence?
What triggers peer conformity in young people?
What triggers peer conformity in young people?
What is the gender difference in suicide rate during adolescence?
What is the gender difference in suicide rate during adolescence?
What parenting style helps prevent peer conformity in adolescents?
What parenting style helps prevent peer conformity in adolescents?
According to Erikson, what is an identity crisis?
According to Erikson, what is an identity crisis?
What does role confusion in adolescence refer to?
What does role confusion in adolescence refer to?
What does Erikson believe adolescents go through in the process of forming their identity?
What does Erikson believe adolescents go through in the process of forming their identity?
What is the outcome of successful psychosocial development in infancy and childhood, according to Erikson?
What is the outcome of successful psychosocial development in infancy and childhood, according to Erikson?
What is the primary influence on the evolution of adolescents' self-concept?
What is the primary influence on the evolution of adolescents' self-concept?
What typically triggers psychological distancing from parents during puberty?
What typically triggers psychological distancing from parents during puberty?
What characterizes effective parenting of adolescents, according to the text?
What characterizes effective parenting of adolescents, according to the text?
What characterizes adolescent friendships, as per the text?
What characterizes adolescent friendships, as per the text?
At what age does dating in adolescence typically evolve from casual relationships to more intimate and steady relationships?
At what age does dating in adolescence typically evolve from casual relationships to more intimate and steady relationships?
What contributes to positive romantic relationships in adolescence, according to the text?
What contributes to positive romantic relationships in adolescence, according to the text?
What are the paths to identity, as mentioned in the text?
What are the paths to identity, as mentioned in the text?
What do Erikson's theory suggest that adolescents need for decision-making and vocation selection?
What do Erikson's theory suggest that adolescents need for decision-making and vocation selection?
What typically happens to self-esteem in mid to late adolescence, according to the text?
What typically happens to self-esteem in mid to late adolescence, according to the text?
What do peer groups become increasingly characterized by in adolescence?
What do peer groups become increasingly characterized by in adolescence?
What are the different views on self between cultural-majority and cultural-minority adolescents, as per the text?
What are the different views on self between cultural-majority and cultural-minority adolescents, as per the text?
What is the key aspect of adolescent development crucial for positive adjustment and sociability?
What is the key aspect of adolescent development crucial for positive adjustment and sociability?
What is the major personality attainment of adolescence according to Erikson's theory?
What is the major personality attainment of adolescence according to Erikson's theory?
What do researchers evaluate in progress of identity development?
What do researchers evaluate in progress of identity development?
What is associated with poor adjustment in the context of identity development?
What is associated with poor adjustment in the context of identity development?
What supports positive self-esteem in adolescents?
What supports positive self-esteem in adolescents?
Which factor is NOT related to promoting healthy identity development in adolescents?
Which factor is NOT related to promoting healthy identity development in adolescents?
What can foster a strong, secure ethnic identity among minority adolescents?
What can foster a strong, secure ethnic identity among minority adolescents?
What does bicultural identity offer according to the text?
What does bicultural identity offer according to the text?
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, at which stages can moral maturity be found?
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, at which stages can moral maturity be found?
What influences moral reasoning and behavior in adolescents according to the text?
What influences moral reasoning and behavior in adolescents according to the text?
What may influence gender intensification in adolescence?
What may influence gender intensification in adolescence?
What do adolescent friendships influence, as per the text?
What do adolescent friendships influence, as per the text?
What do critics challenge in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
What do critics challenge in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
What do adolescents' moral reasoning about conflicts between personal choice and community obligations display, according to the text?
What do adolescents' moral reasoning about conflicts between personal choice and community obligations display, according to the text?
What is one of the defining features of emerging adulthood according to Jeffery Arnett?
What is one of the defining features of emerging adulthood according to Jeffery Arnett?
What is the current average marriage age for women in contemporary urban settings?
What is the current average marriage age for women in contemporary urban settings?
What is one of the areas of exploration for emerging adults according to the text?
What is one of the areas of exploration for emerging adults according to the text?
What is the average marriage age for men in contemporary urban settings?
What is the average marriage age for men in contemporary urban settings?
What is the term for cognitive development beyond Piaget's formal operational stage?
What is the term for cognitive development beyond Piaget's formal operational stage?
Which cognitive change in emerging adulthood involves viewing all knowledge as embedded in a framework of thought?
Which cognitive change in emerging adulthood involves viewing all knowledge as embedded in a framework of thought?
What type of thinking involves dividing information, values, and authority into right and wrong, good and bad, we and they?
What type of thinking involves dividing information, values, and authority into right and wrong, good and bad, we and they?
What is the term for reflections on how we arrive at facts, beliefs, and ideas?
What is the term for reflections on how we arrive at facts, beliefs, and ideas?
What type of individual reflection fosters advances in epistemic cognition?
What type of individual reflection fosters advances in epistemic cognition?
What contributes to fine tuning of the prefrontal cognitive control network in emerging adulthood?
What contributes to fine tuning of the prefrontal cognitive control network in emerging adulthood?
What is the term for the ability to evaluate the logic of verbal statements without referring to real-world circumstances?
What is the term for the ability to evaluate the logic of verbal statements without referring to real-world circumstances?
What type of interaction induces young people to consider the rationality of their thought processes?
What type of interaction induces young people to consider the rationality of their thought processes?
What type of thinking involves formulating a more satisfying perspective that synthesizes contradictions?
What type of thinking involves formulating a more satisfying perspective that synthesizes contradictions?
What do proponents argue about the emerging adulthood stage?
What do proponents argue about the emerging adulthood stage?
What serves as a safety net for launching adult life for many emerging adults?
What serves as a safety net for launching adult life for many emerging adults?
What do people now choose as their preferred way of entering into a committed intimate relationship?
What do people now choose as their preferred way of entering into a committed intimate relationship?
Who are some of the philosophers mentioned in the text who focused on the development of a sense of conscience and virtue?
Who are some of the philosophers mentioned in the text who focused on the development of a sense of conscience and virtue?
Which theorist is associated with exploring morality through a moral psychology lens in modern-day empirical research?
Which theorist is associated with exploring morality through a moral psychology lens in modern-day empirical research?
Which aspect of moral development do altruism theories emphasize?
Which aspect of moral development do altruism theories emphasize?
Who is known for exploring morality's relation to cognitive development in modern-day empirical research?
Who is known for exploring morality's relation to cognitive development in modern-day empirical research?
What are the components that make up people's concept of intentionality according to Malle, Moses, and Baldwin (2001)?
What are the components that make up people's concept of intentionality according to Malle, Moses, and Baldwin (2001)?
What has recent research on children's theory of mind (ToM) focused on?
What has recent research on children's theory of mind (ToM) focused on?
What did Yuill (1984) present evidence for regarding comprehension of one's intentions in moral judgment?
What did Yuill (1984) present evidence for regarding comprehension of one's intentions in moral judgment?
According to Killen, Mulvey, Richardson, Jampol, and Woodward (2011), what are children capable of using when making moral judgments about the accep?
According to Killen, Mulvey, Richardson, Jampol, and Woodward (2011), what are children capable of using when making moral judgments about the accep?
What is a hallmark of moral understanding according to the text?
What is a hallmark of moral understanding according to the text?
What are some of the topics to which researchers have expanded the field of moral development in the past 20 years?
What are some of the topics to which researchers have expanded the field of moral development in the past 20 years?
What did Turiel's social domain theory show about children's development of moral standards?
What did Turiel's social domain theory show about children's development of moral standards?
What did the Handbook of Moral Development (2006) provide?
What did the Handbook of Moral Development (2006) provide?
According to Jean Piaget's theory, which stages are included in moral development?
According to Jean Piaget's theory, which stages are included in moral development?
Which theory emphasizes the individual's construction and interpretation of morality from a socio-cognitive perspective?
Which theory emphasizes the individual's construction and interpretation of morality from a socio-cognitive perspective?
What did Lawrence Kohlberg's theory categorize into pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional morality?
What did Lawrence Kohlberg's theory categorize into pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional morality?
Which theory proposed the tension between individual needs and societal demands as the basis for moral development?
Which theory proposed the tension between individual needs and societal demands as the basis for moral development?
What does the judgment-action gap refer to?
What does the judgment-action gap refer to?
Which theory of moral development includes six stages progressing from childhood through adulthood?
Which theory of moral development includes six stages progressing from childhood through adulthood?
What did Elliot Turiel advocate for in the context of social cognition?
What did Elliot Turiel advocate for in the context of social cognition?
What does the term 'judgment-action gap' refer to?
What does the term 'judgment-action gap' refer to?
According to Turiel's social domain theory, what does it delineate throughout development?
According to Turiel's social domain theory, what does it delineate throughout development?
What did Sigmund Freud propose as the basis for moral development?
What did Sigmund Freud propose as the basis for moral development?
What is the basis of Piaget's theory of moral development?
What is the basis of Piaget's theory of moral development?
According to Piaget's theory, what is the term for the stage where children represent things with words and images but lack logical reasoning?
According to Piaget's theory, what is the term for the stage where children represent things with words and images but lack logical reasoning?
What was the main observation that led Piaget to develop his theory of cognitive development?
What was the main observation that led Piaget to develop his theory of cognitive development?
According to Piaget, what is the term for the stage where children experience the world through actions and develop object permanence?
According to Piaget, what is the term for the stage where children experience the world through actions and develop object permanence?
What did Piaget propose as the reason for children of different ages making different mistakes?
What did Piaget propose as the reason for children of different ages making different mistakes?
What is the motivational element that guides cognitive development according to the text?
What is the motivational element that guides cognitive development according to the text?
What is the term for the state when a child is confronted with information that does not fit into their previously held schemes?
What is the term for the state when a child is confronted with information that does not fit into their previously held schemes?
What is the term for modifying a different scheme to accommodate newly encountered information?
What is the term for modifying a different scheme to accommodate newly encountered information?
What is the term for ignoring newly discovered information to return to a state of equilibrium?
What is the term for ignoring newly discovered information to return to a state of equilibrium?
What do Silverman and Geiringer propose for changing a child's mode of thought?
What do Silverman and Geiringer propose for changing a child's mode of thought?
What is the example used to illustrate the concept of disequilibrium in the text?
What is the example used to illustrate the concept of disequilibrium in the text?
What is the term for the process of slightly altering existing knowledge to accommodate new information?
What is the term for the process of slightly altering existing knowledge to accommodate new information?
What is the term for the process of fitting new information into existing schemes?
What is the term for the process of fitting new information into existing schemes?
According to Piaget's theory, what is responsible for dynamic aspects of intelligence?
According to Piaget's theory, what is responsible for dynamic aspects of intelligence?
In Piaget's theory, what is the process of integrating new information into existing cognitive schemas called?
In Piaget's theory, what is the process of integrating new information into existing cognitive schemas called?
According to Piaget, which factor did he add as the fourth to development, along with maturation, experience, and the social environment?
According to Piaget, which factor did he add as the fourth to development, along with maturation, experience, and the social environment?
What is the term for the organism's attempt to keep cognitive schemes in balance, according to Piaget?
What is the term for the organism's attempt to keep cognitive schemes in balance, according to Piaget?
In Piaget's theory, what is responsible for representing static aspects of intelligence?
In Piaget's theory, what is responsible for representing static aspects of intelligence?
According to Piaget, what is the process of altering existing schemas to fit new information called?
According to Piaget, what is the process of altering existing schemas to fit new information called?
In Piaget's theory, what is responsible for reality involving transformations and states?
In Piaget's theory, what is responsible for reality involving transformations and states?
According to Piaget, what is the central focus of human development?
According to Piaget, what is the central focus of human development?
In Piaget's theory, what is the term for the process of integrating new information into existing cognitive schemas?
In Piaget's theory, what is the term for the process of integrating new information into existing cognitive schemas?
According to Piaget, what are the two processes that cannot exist without the other?
According to Piaget, what are the two processes that cannot exist without the other?
In Piaget's theory, what is responsible for representing dynamic aspects of intelligence?
In Piaget's theory, what is responsible for representing dynamic aspects of intelligence?
According to Piaget, what is the term for altering existing schemas to fit new information?
According to Piaget, what is the term for altering existing schemas to fit new information?
Who are some of the philosophers mentioned in the text who contributed to early moral development theories?
Who are some of the philosophers mentioned in the text who contributed to early moral development theories?
Which theorists are associated with exploring morality through a moral psychology lens in the modern-day?
Which theorists are associated with exploring morality through a moral psychology lens in the modern-day?
What is the focus of moral development theories that emphasize the affective aspect of morality?
What is the focus of moral development theories that emphasize the affective aspect of morality?
What does morality in itself often serve as a synonym for, according to the text?
What does morality in itself often serve as a synonym for, according to the text?
What are the five components that make up people's concept of intentionality?
What are the five components that make up people's concept of intentionality?
What did Turiel's social domain theory demonstrate about children's moral standards?
What did Turiel's social domain theory demonstrate about children's moral standards?
What did the Handbook of Moral Development (2006) aim to provide?
What did the Handbook of Moral Development (2006) aim to provide?
What has recent research on children's theory of mind (ToM) focused on?
What has recent research on children's theory of mind (ToM) focused on?
According to Malle, Moses, and Baldwin (2001), what is intentionality defined as?
According to Malle, Moses, and Baldwin (2001), what is intentionality defined as?
What is a hallmark of moral understanding according to the text?
What is a hallmark of moral understanding according to the text?
What did researchers Killen, Mulvey, Richardson, Jampol, and Woodward (2011) present evidence of?
What did researchers Killen, Mulvey, Richardson, Jampol, and Woodward (2011) present evidence of?
What did recent research on moral development expand the field to include?
What did recent research on moral development expand the field to include?
Which theorist's theory emphasizes the tension between individual needs and societal demands?
Which theorist's theory emphasizes the tension between individual needs and societal demands?
According to B.F. Skinner's behaviorism theory, what shapes moral development?
According to B.F. Skinner's behaviorism theory, what shapes moral development?
Which stage of moral reasoning is part of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory?
Which stage of moral reasoning is part of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory?
Which concept does Elliot Turiel's social domain theory differentiate in social cognition?
Which concept does Elliot Turiel's social domain theory differentiate in social cognition?
According to Freud's theory, what does the id represent?
According to Freud's theory, what does the id represent?
What does Skinner's theory propose as the basis for all morals?
What does Skinner's theory propose as the basis for all morals?
In Piaget's theory, what are the stages of childhood moral development?
In Piaget's theory, what are the stages of childhood moral development?
What does Kohlberg's theory categorize moral reasoning into?
What does Kohlberg's theory categorize moral reasoning into?
What does Turiel's social domain theory distinguish in social cognition?
What does Turiel's social domain theory distinguish in social cognition?
According to Piaget, what does the term 'heteronomous morality' refer to?
According to Piaget, what does the term 'heteronomous morality' refer to?
What does Kohlberg's theory address with the term 'judgment-action gap'?
What does Kohlberg's theory address with the term 'judgment-action gap'?
What does Piaget's theory focus on regarding morality?
What does Piaget's theory focus on regarding morality?
Study Notes
Development of Self-Esteem, Achievement Attributions, and Emotional Development in Middle Childhood
- Children in middle childhood develop the ability for recursive thought, allowing them to read others' messages more accurately and internalize their expectations, leading to the formation of an ideal self for self-evaluation.
- Self-esteem in middle childhood is influenced by the discrepancy between the real self (who they actually are) and the ideal self (who they want to be), with a large gap leading to low self-esteem.
- By age 6, children in middle childhood have formed four broad self-evaluations: academic performance, social competence, athletic competence, and physical appearance.
- Influences on self-esteem in middle childhood include culture, gender, social structures, and child-rearing practices, with authoritative child-rearing styles leading to higher self-esteem and controlling or indulgent parenting impacting self-esteem differently.
- Achievement attributions in middle childhood include mastery-oriented attributions, learned helplessness, and fixed views of ability, which influence how children interpret success and failure.
- Influences on achievement attributions in middle childhood include adult communication, types of praise (person praise vs. process praise), and cognitive development, with attribution retraining being an intervention to encourage learned helplessness children to believe they can overcome failure through effort.
- Emotional development in middle childhood involves self-conscious emotions such as pride and guilt, which become governed by personal responsibility as children integrate social expectations into their self-concepts.
- Children in middle childhood experience guilt and pride even when no adult is present, unlike preschoolers who typically experience these emotions only in the presence of adults.
- Middle childhood children connect success or failure to specific aspects of the self, reflecting their growing emotional and self-concept development.
- The development of self-esteem, achievement attributions, and emotional development in middle childhood is influenced by various factors, including cognitive development, social interactions, and parental influences.
- This developmental stage is crucial for the formation of self-concept, self-esteem, and emotional regulation, laying the foundation for future social and emotional well-being.
- Understanding the factors and processes involved in self-esteem, achievement attributions, and emotional development in middle childhood is essential for promoting positive self-concept and emotional well-being in children.
Adolescent Development and Relationships
- Erikson's theory suggests that adolescents need autonomy and initiative for decision-making and vocation selection
- Adolescents develop a sense of self through exploration and commitment
- Adolescents' self-concept evolves with a wider array of traits, influenced by social context
- Self-esteem generally rises in mid to late adolescence, affecting adjustment and sociability
- Paths to identity include identity achievement, moratorium, foreclosure, and diffusion
- Cultural-majority and cultural-minority adolescents have different views on self
- Puberty triggers psychological distancing from parents, leading to a balance between connection and separation
- Effective parenting of adolescents balances autonomy and monitoring, influenced by various factors
- Adolescent friendships are characterized by intimacy, mutual understanding, and loyalty
- Peer groups become increasingly tightly knit, forming cliques and crowds
- Dating in adolescence evolves from casual relationships at 12 to more intimate and steady relationships at 16
- Relationship with parents and friends contributes to positive romantic relationships, with secure attachment predicting friendship and romantic ties
Adolescent Development and Identity Formation
- Long-term identity foreclosure and diffusion are related to adjustment difficulties in adolescents
- Factors promoting healthy identity development include cognitive style, parental attachment, freedom to explore, interaction with diverse peers, and supportive schools and communities
- Supportive parents, peers, and schools can foster a strong, secure ethnic identity among minority adolescents
- Bicultural identity offers emotional and social benefits
- Kohlberg's theory of moral development includes three levels with two stages each, and moral reasoning is influenced by situational factors
- Moral maturity can be found at Stages 3 and 4, with few people reaching the postconventional level
- Adolescents display more subtle reasoning about conflicts between personal choice and community obligations
- Influences on moral reasoning and behavior include warm, rational parenting, extended schooling, and peer discussions
- Critics challenge Kohlberg's theory, arguing that moral judgments vary based on context and motivations
- Gender intensification may occur in adolescence, influenced by pubertal changes, parental beliefs, and concern with others' opinions
- Adolescents strive for autonomy and question parental authority, with warm, supportive parenting predicting favorable adjustment
- Adolescent friendships are based on intimacy, mutual understanding, and loyalty, and influence self-concept, identity, and stress management. Peers are organized into cliques and crowds, influenced by adolescent self-concepts and ethnicity.
Theories of Moral Development
- Theories of moral development encompass affective, behavioral, and cognitive aspects of morality.
- Sigmund Freud proposed tension between individual needs and societal demands as the basis for moral development.
- B.F. Skinner's behaviorism focused on external forces, such as reinforcement contingencies, shaping moral development.
- Jean Piaget's theory emphasized the individual's construction and interpretation of morality from a socio-cognitive perspective.
- Piaget's stages of moral development include the premoral period, heteronomous morality, and autonomous morality.
- Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development includes six stages progressing from childhood through adulthood.
- Kohlberg's theory categorizes stages into pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional morality.
- The judgment-action gap refers to the disparity between moral reasoning and behavior in real-life moral dilemmas.
- Elliot Turiel advocated for a social domain approach to social cognition, differentiating moral, societal, and psychological concepts.
- Turiel's social domain theory delineates how individuals differentiate moral, societal, and psychological concepts throughout development.
- Theories of moral development integrate affective, behavioral, and cognitive aspects of morality.
- The foundational theories of moral development include Freud's tension between individual and societal needs, Skinner's behaviorism, Piaget's socio-cognitive perspective, Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning, and Turiel's social domain theory.
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
- Piaget's theory focused on how children construct an understanding of the world through discrepancies between existing knowledge and new discoveries
- Cognitive development was central to human development, and language was dependent on cognitive understanding
- Child-centred classrooms and "open education" directly applied Piaget's views
- Piaget's theory has limitations such as supporting sharp stages rather than continuous development
- Piaget argued that reality involves transformations and states, and intelligence must represent both aspects
- Operative intelligence is responsible for dynamic aspects, while figurative intelligence represents static aspects
- Assimilation is the process of integrating new information into existing cognitive schemas, while accommodation alters existing schemas to fit new information
- Assimilation and accommodation are two processes that cannot exist without the other
- Equilibration is the organism's attempt to keep cognitive schemes in balance, according to Piaget
- Piaget added equilibration as a fourth factor to development, along with maturation, experience, and the social environment
- Piaget's theory differed from others in its emphasis on equilibration as a factor in development
- Piaget believed that cognitive development involves understanding and change through assimilation and accommodation
Theories of Moral Development
- There are four main aspects of moral theories: affective, behavioral, cognitive, and integrated perspectives.
- Sigmund Freud's theory focuses on the tension between individual needs and societal demands, and the role of socializing agents in moral development.
- B.F. Skinner's behaviorism theory emphasizes the influence of external forces, such as reinforcement contingencies, in shaping moral development.
- Jean Piaget's theory centers on the individual's construction and interpretation of morality from a socio-cognitive and socio-emotional perspective, identifying stages of moral development in children.
- Lawrence Kohlberg's influential theory of moral development is based on 6 interconnected stages of moral reasoning, falling into pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional categories.
- Kohlberg's theory also addresses the judgment-action gap, which refers to the disparity between an individual's moral reasoning and their actual moral behavior due to hypothetical versus real-life constraints.
- Elliot Turiel proposed the social domain theory, which differentiates moral, societal, and psychological concepts in social cognition from early development throughout the lifespan.
- Freud's theory involves the tension between the id (selfish desires) and the super-ego (internal cultural norms).
- Skinner's theory is based on the idea that all morals are learned behaviors shaped by punishments and rewards.
- Piaget's theory identifies three stages of childhood moral development: premoral, heteronomous, and autonomous morality.
- Kohlberg's theory categorizes moral reasoning into pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional stages, showing a progression from childhood to adulthood.
- Turiel's social domain theory distinguishes moral concepts, societal conventions, and personal prerogatives in social cognition.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the development of self-esteem, achievement attributions, and emotional development in middle childhood with this quiz. Explore the factors and influences that shape children's self-concept and emotional well-being during this crucial developmental stage.
