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Middle Ages Music (600-1450)

Middle Ages Music (600-1450)

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Questions and Answers

What is Gregorian Chant?

Complex textures with instruments
Polyphonic with harmony
Dance-like with rhythmic drive
Monophonic with a single melodic line and no harmony (correct)

What is the difference between syllabic and melismatic text settings?

Syllabic is used in secular music, while melismatic is used in sacred music.
Syllabic has multiple notes per syllable, while melismatic has one note per syllable.
Syllabic is only for male voices, while melismatic is for female voices.
Syllabic has one note per syllable, while melismatic has multiple notes per syllable. (correct)

Where was Notre Dame Polyphony developed?

Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris

What is Organum?

<p>Early polyphony where new melodic lines were added to Gregorian chant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Hildegard von Bingen?

<p>A woman living in religious seclusion who wrote sacred music.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Troubadours wrote in Latin.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes secular music during the Middle Ages?

<p>Dance rhythms, more complex textures, often with instruments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dufay lived between which years?

<p>1397-1494</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by Harmonization of plainchant?

<p>Dufay took Gregorian chants and added harmonies, making them more homophonic texture (polyphonic)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is point of imitation?

<p>A musical technique where short passages are repeated by different voices, creating polyphony.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Palestrina make his music?

<p>Clearer, more transparent texture than the dense polyphony</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Acapella?

<p>Music performed without instrumental accompaniment</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Counter-Reformation influenced music by:

<p>Making clarity in religious texts more important. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are the secular entertainers of the Middle Ages?

<p>Troubadours and minstrels</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is inflection?

<p>Inflection refers to the slight rise or fall in pitch that happens during speech or singing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first type of polyphony?

<p>Organum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gregorian Chant

A form of liturgical music marked by a single melodic line and no harmony, often syllabic or melismatic.

Monophonic

Music consisting of a single melodic line without harmony.

Syllabic

A text setting style where one note is sung per syllable.

Melismatic

A text setting style where multiple notes are sung for one syllable.

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Liturgical Music

Music used in religious services, such as Mass.

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Notre Dame Polyphony

Early polyphonic music that developed at Notre Dame Cathedral, featuring new melodic lines atop Gregorian Chant.

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Organum

An early type of polyphony where voices are added to Gregorian Chant.

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Hildegard von Bingen

A composer known for sacred music with a wide vocal range and ornate melodies.

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Troubadours

Secular poet-musicians who wrote in vernacular languages, often with dance-like music.

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Secular Music

Music not intended for religious worship, often more complex and rhythmic.

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Sacred Music

Music with religious themes, typically monophonic and performed in churches.

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Dufay

Composer known for harmonizing plainchant and transitioning to more modern tonalities.

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Josquin des Prez

Composer noted for polyphonic techniques and imitative counterpoint in his masses.

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Palestrina

Composer who simplified music for clarity and response to the Counter-Reformation.

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Acapella

Vocal music performed without instrumental accompaniment, typical in Renaissance choral music.

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Point of Imitation

A technique where different voices repeat short musical passages creating polyphony.

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Mass (in music)

A sacred work with five sections: Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei.

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Pre-Reformation Texture

Characterized by dense polyphony and complex interweaving of melodies.

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Post-Reformation Texture

Simpler homophonic textures focused on clarity and intelligibility of text.

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Inflection

A slight rise or fall in pitch during speech or singing, enhancing text flow.

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First Type of Polyphony

Organum, where a second voice is added to Gregorian Chant, marking the start of polyphony.

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Cantus Firmus

A pre-existing melody, often used in polyphonic music, usually Gregorian chant style.

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Homophony

A musical texture where one main melody is supported by harmony, creating a rich sound.

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Renaissance Music

Music from 1450-1600 characterized by polyphony and the use of imitation and homophony.

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Polyphonic Texture

Music that features multiple independent melodic lines interweaving.

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Secular vs. Sacred Music

Sacred music is for worship (monophonic), while secular music is for entertainment (often complex).

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Counter-Reformation Influence

Movement impacted music by emphasizing clarity in religious texts and simpler musical styles.

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Printing Press Impact

Allowed for wider distribution of music, contributing to the spread of new styles and compositions.

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Vocal Timbre

The quality of sound in singing, noting choir arrangements like SATB (Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bass).

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Dynamics in Music

Variations in loudness or intensity in a piece, contributing to emotional expression.

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Study Notes

The Middle Ages (600-1450)

Gregorian Chant (Plainchant): Monophonic (single melodic line, no harmony). Syllabic (one note per syllable) and melismatic (multiple notes per syllable) settings. Used in religious services (Mass, Liturgy). Male voices only.
Notre Dame Polyphony (c. 1100-1200): Developed at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. Early polyphony (multiple melodic lines) added to Gregorian chant. Leonin and Perotin were key figures. Perotin made music more complex with multiple voices and faster rhythms.
Hildegard von Bingen (c. 1200): A nun who composed sacred music with a wide vocal range and ornate melodies. Known for "O vis aeternitatis".
Troubadours (c. 1000-1200): Secular poets/musicians who wrote in regional languages. Music was often dance-like with a strong rhythmic drive. Contrasted with the more meditative sacred music.
Sacred vs. Secular Music: Gregorian chant, Notre Dame Organum (sacred). Secular music featured more complex textures, instruments, and everyday themes.

The Renaissance (1450-1600)

Dufay (Ave Maris Stella, 1400s): Important composer of the early Renaissance. He harmonized Gregorian chants, transitioned from medieval modes to modern tones, and developed consonant sounds.
Josquin des Prez (Pange Lingua Mass, 1515s): Key figure in the High Renaissance. Used "point of imitation" to create unified, complex polyphony in his Kyrie and Gloria.
Palestrina (Pope Marcellus Mass, 1560): Significant composer in response to the Counter-Reformation. Created highly melodic, homophonic music to make the text clearer. This was in contrast to the dense polyphony of previous eras.
Acapella: Music performed without instrumental accompaniment. A hallmark of Renaissance choral music.
Renaissance Style: Polyphony (multiple independent melodic voices), homophony (a main melody with harmony), and point of imitation (successive voice imitation). Vocal timbre was usually SATB (Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bass). The Mass, a sacred work with five parts, became more polyphonic.
Post-Reformation (1550s-1600): The Counter-Reformation influenced music to make texts clearer. The printing press aided wider music distribution. Composers kept texts understandable in polyphonic textures ( like Palestrina).

General Music Theory

Homophony: Rich, chordal quality from polyphonic lines with a clear top voice. Provides contrast to imitation.
Key Composer Characteristics: Include historical context and innovations. (e.g., Palestrina, Josquin, Dufay).

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