Middle Age (476-1492) Summary

Middle Age (476-1492)

• 476: General Odoacer deposes Romulus Augustulus, the last Roman emperor, and proclaims himself king of Italy.
• 481: King Clovis expands the Frankish kingdom into Gaul and converts to Christianity soon after.
• 489: The Ostrogoths invade Italy, kill Odoacer, and establish their kingdom.
• 533: The Eastern Roman/Byzantine Empire begins reconquering the Mediterranean basin, leading to occupation of almost all of Italy by 557 and destruction of the Ostrogoth kingdom.
• ca. 550: The Maya civilization reaches its peak in Central America.
• 552: The first Turkish Empire emerges in Central Asia.
• 560: Germanic kings unify almost all of England, driving out the Celts to the North.
• 568: The Lombards invade Italy, reaching Benevento and Spoleto, while the Byzantines retain control over key areas like Rome, Venice, Ravenna, and parts of southern Italy.
• 571: The Visigoths expand into Spain and convert to Christianity.
• 589: Emperor Wen-Ti unifies China.
• 603: The Lombards transition from Arianism to Catholicism.
• 614: Slavs invade the Balkans, seizing territory from the Byzantines permanently; the Byzantine Empire faces further setbacks from Persians in Egypt.
• 622: Byzantine Emperor Heraclius recovers Asia Minor, Egypt, Palestine, Syria, and Armenia from the Persians, marking a turning point in the empire's crisis.
• 630: Muhammad conquers Mecca.
• 636: The Arabs conquer Syria, overthrow the Persian Empire, and take over Mesopotamia, Egypt, Afghanistan, Asia Minor, and Spain by 711, ending the Visigoth kingdom.
• 639: In the Frankish kingdom, the Merovingian dynasty is replaced by the "butlers" of the palace.
• 641: Lombard King Rothari occupies Liguria and issues the Edict of Rothari, a legislative code, in 643.
• 697: Venice elects its first doge, Paoluccio Anafesto.
• 726: Byzantine Emperor Leo III condemns iconoclasm, sparking a long-lasting conflict between Eastern and Western Christianity.
• 733: Charles Martel's victory at Poitiers halts Arab expansion into Gaul.
• 751: The Carolingian dynasty replaces the Merovingian dynasty in the Frankish kingdom; Pepin the Short becomes king in 752 with papal approval.
• 768: Charlemagne inherits part of the Frankish kingdom and reunites it within a few years.
• 773: The Franks intervene in Italy against the Lombards to aid the pope. In 774, Charlemagne conquers Pavia and proclaims himself king of the Lombards, though the Lombard duchy of Benevento remains independent until 1051.
• 777: The Bulgarians, whose reign had been recognized by Byzantium about a century earlier, convert to Christianity.
• 778: Charlemagne achieves victories against the Arabs in Spain and later subdues the Saxons, establishing the Palatine School and other schools.
• 779: Irene becomes the first empress of Byzantium.
• 800: Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne emperor on Christmas, marking the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire.
• 801: The Franks achieve new victories against the Arabs in Spain while the Avars submit; treaties and conflicts with the Byzantines continue until Byzantium recognizes Charlemagne's imperial title in 812.
• 814: Charlemagne dies, and his kingdom is divided shortly after.
• 816: Benedict of Aniane leads the monastic reform.
• 820: The Arabs conquer Sicily and seize Crete from the Byzantines in 826.
• 827: England is unified almost entirely by King Ecgberht of Wessex.
• 839: The Arabs conquer Puglia.
• 845: The Normans raid Paris and Hamburg.
• 846: The Saracens raid Rome, going up the Tiber.
• ca. 860: Varangian Normans establish the principalities of Novgorod and later Kiev, which will become Russia.
• 885: The Christianization of the Slavs progresses in Macedonia.
• 888: A dispute over the crown of Italy erupts between Guido of Spoleto and Berengario of Friuli.
• 891: The Saracens establish a base in Frassineto on the French Riviera, launching raids in France and Italy.
• 896: The Hungarians settle in the plain of the Danube and begin raiding Europe on horseback.
• 911: The Normans receive Normandy as a fief from the king of France.
• 951: King Otto I of Germany descends into Italy and proclaims himself king.
• 955: Otto I's victory at Lechfeld ends the Hungarian raids.
• 961: The Byzantine Empire launches an offensive against the Arabs.
• 962: Otto I receives the imperial crown in Rome, marking the official birth of the Holy Roman Empire.
• 966: Duke Mieszko I of Poland converts to Christianity and obtains the title of king from the pope in 985.
• 982: Successors of Otto I continue intervening in Italy, attempting to renew the Roman Empire (Renovatio Imperii) without great success.
• 983: The Vikings reach Greenland.
• 987: The Capetian dynasty assumes the throne of France.
• 988: The Prince of Kiev converts to Christianity.
• ca. 1000: Western Europe experiences demographic, economic, and cultural recovery, and communal civilization begins in Italy. The first university is founded in Bologna to teach law.
• 1001: Stephen the Saint is granted the title of king by the pope.
• 1004: Italian lords invite Emperor Henry II to wear the crown of Italy. Venice defeats Illyrian pirates and establishes dominance over the Adriatic.
• 1006: The Vikings discover America.
• 1013: The Danes conquer part of England, and by 1019, Denmark and England are under one king.
• 1014: Italian Maritime Republics expel the Arabs from Corsica and Sardinia.
• 1030: Avicenna's medical work becomes widely influential in the West.
• 1037: The emperor grants inheritance of minor fiefdoms; the Turkish Seljuk dynasty gains power in Asia.
• 1040: The class of knights develops its own code of ethics.
• 1042: Normans, arriving as mercenaries in southern Italy, seize some cities.
• 1045: The Pataria movement spreads in Milan.
• 1049: Pope Leo IX initiates Church reforms; the Normans submit to him and are asked to liberate Sicily from the Arabs, beginning in 1061.
• 1054: The East-West Schism occurs.
• 1059: The pope excludes the laity from papal elections.
• 1060: The Medical School of Salerno is established.
• 1062: The Reconquista of Spain begins.
• 1064: The Pechenegs devastate the Balkans.
• 1066: Normans from France conquer England after the victory at Hastings.
• 1073: Pope Gregory VII forbids laymen from investing clergymen, leading to the Investiture Controversy.
• 1075: Construction begins on the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela.
• 1077: Emperor Henry IV is reconciled with Pope Gregory VII with the Humiliation of Canossa, but the conflict resumes.
• 1078: Normans expand conquests in Southern Italy and Sicily, while municipalities grow in Northern Italy.
• 1095: Pope Urban II announces the First Crusade.
• 1096: The People's Crusade fails.
• 1099: Crusaders capture Jerusalem, turning the Mediterranean into a Christian "lake".
• 1100: Water mills become widespread in Europe.
• 1121: Philosopher Abelard develops the questio method in scholasticism.
• 1122: The Concordat of Worms between Emperor Henry V and Pope Calixtus II deals with investitures.
• 1125: The death of Henry V starts the Guelphs and Ghibellines opposing alignments.
• 1130: The Norman Kingdom of Sicily consolidates Southern Italy, absorbs Lombard remnants, expels Byzantines and Arabs, and hinders municipal growth in southern Italian cities.
• 1139: Count Henriquez liberates Portugal from the Muslims and becomes king.
• 1140: Cantar del mio Cid, a Spanish literary masterpiece, is written.
• 1144: Arnaldo da Brescia experiences a political-religious episode.
• 1146: The Second Crusade fails.
• 1152: Frederick Barbarossa ascends the German throne.
• 1154: The Plantagenet dynasty ascends the throne in England as Federico Barbarossa intervenes in Italy to reinstate imperial authority.
• 1158: Barbarossa promulgates the Constitutio de Regalibus to reorganize the Empire and destroys municipalities, including Milan (1162).
• 1163: Construction of the Notre-Dame cathedral begins, marking the start of the Gothic art period.
• 1176: The Lombard League defeats Barbarossa and he must sign the Peace of Constance in 1183; he dies during the Third Crusade in 1190.
• 1187: Saladin has victories against the Christian states in the Middle East and Jerusalem returns to Muslim control.
• 1190: The Third Crusade begins, with Richard the Lionheart gaining control of the Holy Land coast.
• ca. 1200: Italian navigators spread use of the compass.
• 1204: The Fourth Crusade results in Crusaders conquering Constantinople and establishing the Latin Empire of the East; the empire of Nicaea restores the Byzantine Empire starting in 1122.
• 1212: Frederick II of Swabia, king of Sicily, obtains the crown of Germany from the pope, becoming emperor in 1220.
• 1215: English King John Lackland issues Magna Carta.
• 1223: The pope approves the rule of St. Francis of Assisi.
• 1228: Frederick II obtains Jerusalem from the Arabs through diplomacy.
• 1235: Spanish kingdoms achieve success against the Arabs.
• 1237: Struggles between Federico II and the Italian Communes, with the communes winning an important victory in Parma (1248); Federico II is excommunicated and deposed.
• 1244: Arabs retake Jerusalem.
• 1248: King Louis IX of France leads the Sixth Crusade.
• 1250: Municipalities in Italy are replaced by lordships.
• 1257: The Sorbonne University is founded in Paris.
• 1259: The King of England gives up French possessions.
• 1260: Ghibellines defeat the Guelphs of Florence at the battle of Montaperti.
• 1266: Charles of Anjou conquers the Kingdom of Sicily, defeating and killing Manfredi, and Thomas Aquinas writes the Summa Theologiae.
• 1267: Guelphs expel Ghibellines from Florence.
• 1268: The first paper mills in Europe are established in Fabriano.
• 1271: Marco Polo arrives in China.
• 1274: A cyclone saves Japan from a Mongol fleet invasion.
• 1275: The Pisan chart becomes the oldest known nautical chart.
• 1278: Austria comes under the Habsburg dynasty.
• 1282: The Sicilian Vespers anti-French revolt drives the French out of Sicily, resulting in the reign of the Aragonese dynasty.
• 1284: Genoa defeats Pisa at the battle of Meloria.
• 1288: The Turkish Ottoman dynasty establishes its own kingdom in Asia Minor.
• 1289: The Ghibellines are defeated at Campaldino.
• 1291: Three Swiss cantons unite against the Habsburgs, forming the Swiss Confederation.
• 1294: Pope Celestino V's short pontificate ends and Bonifacio VIII, author of the Unam Sanctam, succeeds him.
• 1297: The Major Council in Venice is locked out.
• 1300: Italians invent the bill of exchange.
• 1303: The University of Rome is founded.
• 1307: Dante begins writing The Divine Comedy.
• 1309: The Avignon Papacy begins.
• 1312: The Templar Order is suppressed.
• 1314: Scotland gains independence from the British.
• 1323: Aragon of Sicily conquers Sardinia.
• 1325: The construction of the first cannons begins in Germany.
• 1334: Giotto constructs the bell tower of the Florence Cathedral.
• 1337: The Hundred Years' War begins between France and England.
• 1348: The Hanseatic League is formed; the Black Plague devastates Europe.
• 1347: Cola di Rienzo creates a popular government in Rome.
• 1359: The Visconti family establishes its lordship in Lombardy.
• 1378: The Western Schism begins, and the government of the Ciompi is established in Florence.
• 1380: Tamerlane's Asian empire rises.
• 1382: The Ciompi government falls in Florence and the aristocratic Major Guilds take control.
• 1386: Construction of the Milan Cathedral begins.
• 1389: The Turks conquer Serbia, and Bulgaria in 1393.
• 1397: The Kalmar Union unites Denmark, Sweden, and Norway.
• 1404: Venice unifies the Veneto.
• 1406: Florence subjugates Pisa.
• 1407: The first public bank in Europe, Banco di San Giorgio, is founded in Genoa.
• 1410: Civil war in France and the Poles defeat the Teutonic Order at the Battle of Tannenberg.
• 1414: Poggio Bracciolini rediscovers Vitruvius' De architectura.
• 1415: The English win at Azincourt in the Hundred Years War.
• 1416: Venice defeats the Turks at Gallipoli.
• 1417: The Western Schism ends.
• 1418: Portugal begins maritime explorations led by Henry the Navigator.
• 1421: Venice expands to conquer Friuli and Istria and wins the battle of Maclodio.
• 1429: Joan of Arc frees Orléans from the English.
• 1434: The Medici family begins rule in Florence.
• 1445: The French Civil War ends, and Charles VIII retakes Paris from the English the following year.
• 1442: Aragon conquers the Kingdom of Naples.
• 1447: The Ambrosian Republic is established in Milan.
• 1453: The Hundred Years' War ends with French victory; The Turks conquer Constantinople.
• 1454: The Treaty of Lodi creates peace and stability in Italy between Milan, Venice, Florence, and the papacy.
• 1455: The War of the Roses begins in England.
• 1456: The Turks conquer Athens and extend control over the Peloponnese, Asia Minor, Bosnia, and Albania.
• 1460: Lorenzo the Magnificent becomes lord of Florence as Ferdinand of Aragon marries Isabella of Castile, leading to the birth of Spain.
• 1469: Gian Galeazzo Sforza becomes Duke of Milan.
• 1476: Venice loses Greek domains to the Turks.
• 1480: Russia withdraws from Mongol rule and an inquiry court is established in Spain.
• 1492: Lorenzo the Magnificent dies; The Reconquista ends and Christopher Columbus lands on the American continent.

Modern Age (1492-Present)

16th Century

• 1494: King Charles VII of France attempts to invade Italy/ is defeated by a league formed by the Papacy, Milan, Venice, Spain and England
• Spain and Portugal agree to split the New World.
• 1498: Vasco de Gama completes the circumnavigation of Africa.
• 1499-1503: The Italian wars begin/ France occupies Milan; Spain occupies Southern Italy.
• 1508-1509: Pope Julius II promotes the League of Cambrai against Venice.
• 1511-1512: Pope Julius II promotes the Holy League/ the French lose control of Milan.
• 1512: The Swiss are defeated/ the French reconquer Milan; Portugal settles in Brazil and starts the first European empire.
• 1519: Spain begins destroying the Mayan, Aztec, and Incan empires; Charles V becomes emperor and king of Spain, Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia.
• 1521: Luther is excommunicated/ beginning of Protestantism.
• 1522: Ferdinand Magellan dies.
• 1525: A peasant revolt in Germany is crushed; Spain and France resume fighting/ Francis I is defeated/ imprisoned.
• 1526: The Turks conquer Hungary and Budapest.
• 1527: Charles V's troops sack Rome.
• 1534: Henry VIII declares himself head of the English Church/ Schism of the Anglicans.
• 1535: Anabaptist heretics are defeated.
• 1536: Italo Calvino's first work is published/ Protestant Reformation.
• 1540: The Jesuit order and the Roman Inquisition gain official approval.
• 1545: The Council of Trent convenes; Reform of the Catholic Church.
• 1547: Ivan the Terrible becomes Tsar of Russia.
• 1555: Florence conquers Siena; Charles V grants religious freedom to the princes of the Empire.
• 1556: Charles V abdicates/ divides his domain: Spain/ American colonies/ Italy to Phillip II; empire/ Netherlands to Ferdinand of Habsburg.
• 1559: Treaty of Cateau Cambrésis: France is expelled from Italy/ Spain is the dominant power.
• The first "Index of Prohibited Books" is published; Henry II dies; France enters a period of struggle.
• 1562: Turin becomes the capital of the Duchy of Savoy.
• 1567: The Netherlands begins its fight for independence from the Empire.
• 1571: Turks are defeated at Lepanto, but hold Cyprus.
• 1572: St. Bartholomew's Night Massacre of Huguenots in France.
• 1588: The Spanish Armada is defeated by the British.
• 1598: Henry IV becomes king of France; Edict of Nantes grants religious freedom.

17th Century

• 1600: Giordano Bruno is burned in Rome.
• 1609: Spain recognizes the provisional independence of the Netherlands.
• 1618: The Thirty Years War begins, between Spain and the Empire vs. Sweden, Bohemia, France, Denmark, and the Netherlands.
• 1628: The English Parliament votes on the Petition of Rights.
• 1632: Galileo is forced to abjure his scientific theories.
• 1641-1647: Civil War in England between Parliament and King Charles I.
• 1643: Louis XIV becomes king of France.
• 1647: Masaniello's revolt takes place in Naples.
• 1648: The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War; France replaces Spain as the dominant European power.
• 1649: Charles I is executed; England becomes a republic under Cromwell's dictatorship.
• 1660: England restores the monarchy.
• 1682-1725: Peter the Great reigns in Russia, modernizing and westernizing the country.
• 1685-1687: Venice defeats the Turks and conquers Athens and the Peloponnese.
• 1686-1699: Hungary is liberated from the Turks.
• 1688: The "Glorious Revolution" establishes a parliamentary monarchy in England.

18th Century

• Italy experiences enlightened reforms.
• 1700-1713: War of the Spanish Succession results in Austria replacing Spain in Italian territories.
• 1700-1718: The "Great Northern War" ends with Russia defeating Sweden.
• 1701: Prussia becomes a kingdom.
• 1720: Savoy obtains Sardinia and becomes a kingdom.
• 1733-1738: The War of the Polish Succession results in Naples and Sicily becoming independent under Carlos di Borbone.
• 1740-1748: The War of the Austrian Succession results in the Savoys expanding in Italy.
• 1756-1763: During the Seven Years' War, England takes colonies from France and Spain.
• 1765: The Industrial Revolution begins in England.
• 1768: Genoa cedes Corsica to France.
• 1772-95: Poland is partitioned by Austria, Prussia, and Russia, leading to its disappearance.
• 1773: The Society of Jesus is oppressed.
• 1775-83: The USA gains independence from England.
• 1789: The French Revolution begins.
• 1792: France defeats Austria and Prussia, becoming a republic.
• 1793: The Reign of Terror is established in France.
• 1796: Napoleon begins his first Italian campaign.
• 1797: Venice is ceded to Austria.
• 1798: The French expel the pope and establish the Roman Republic.

19th Century

• Only the first fifteen years are taken into consideration/ Ends with the Congress of Vienna.
• 1802: Napoleon is appointed sole consul. -The Italian Republic is established, then transformed into the Kingdom of Italy entrusted to the son of Napoleon.
• 1802-1809: Most of Italy passes under French control.
• 1804: Napoleon's Civil Code is enacted.
• 1807: Napoleon defeats Prussia; Continental Blockade implemented.
• 1808: Napoleon conquers Spain; Spanish guerrillas harm the French war effort.
• 1812: Napoleon's Russian campaign fails.
• 1814: Napoleon is defeated and abdicates; Congress of Vienna begins.
• 1815: Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo.
• Age of revolutions starts.
• 1815: Congress of Vienna outlines a new European order.
• Holy Alliance formed by Austria, Prussia, Russia in an anti-French and anti-revolutionary function.
• 1820: Revolts are suppressed in Spain and Italy with help from France and Austria.
• 1821: The Greeks start a liberation struggle against the Turks.
• 1829: The Decembrist revolt fails in Russia.
• 1830: Belgians gain independence from the Netherlands.
• Poles rise up for freedom from Russia, but are defeated/ is Russified.
• Revival of colonialism.
• 1831: Mazzini founds "Young Italy" in Marseilles.
• Insurrectionary riots re repressed in Italy.
• 1834: Mazzini founds "Young Europe" in Bern.
• 1837: Queen Victoria gets the throne of England.
• 1838: The Chartist Movement is established.
• 1848: The "Manifesto of the Communist Party" by Marx and Engels is published.
• 1849: Republic is proclaimed in France.
• Venice rises up against the Austrians.
• Carlo Alberto of Savoy declairs war on Austria.
• The Republic of Rome is proclamed.
• After the war the Piedmont is defeated/ Vittorio Emanuele II gets the throne.
• The Roman Republic capitulates.
• 1852: Cavour gets the Prime Ministry.
• 1857: Radetzky replaced in Lombardy.
• 1859: The Suez Canal's construction starts.
• Piedmont is "invited" to surrender/ Cavour rejects.
• Austria declares it and is defeated.
• 1860: Abraham Lincoln is elected President of the United States.
• Garibaldi Lands in Marsala with the Thousand.
• He wins the battle of Milazzo.
• He enters Naples.
• 1861: Serfdom is abolished.
• The first Italian Parliament meets in Turin.
• The Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed under Vittorio Emanuele II of Savoy.
• The American Civil War begins.
• 1864: France and Italy sign and agree for: the French get Rome from their conquest and Italy gives it up.
• The capital is trasnfered from Turin to florence.
• The Workers' association is founded in LOndon.
• 1866: Italy and Prussia declares war on Austria/ Austria wins but Garibaldi defeats them at Bazzaecca.
• German Unification is sanctioned.
• 1869: Vatican Council I open (sancrions).
• 1870: Vladimir is born.

Contemporary Age

• The rise of Asian Powers/ Globalization.

• 1903: Leo XIII dies and is named Pope Pius X. -Giolitti is appointed Prime Minister/ beginning of the Giolitti age/ characterized by sacial reforms/ development of economics/ industrial system.

• The Crew of the Russian Battleship Potemkin Mutiny.

• 1908: During the Congress Turati resumed the leadwership of the Socialist Party.

• 1910: The Italian Nationalist Movement was born in Florence.

• 1911: Italy Declares war on Turkey/ Italian-Turkish begins for the italian conquest of Libya.

• 1912: Wilson is elected.

• Italy gains Libya from the Treaty of Lausanne.

• 1913: First election of suffrage takes place in Italy.

• The Balkan war takes the second time:

• Bulgara cedes Dobrogea to Romania.

• 1914: Austria declares war on serbia/ the beginning of WW1. Germany declares war on Europe.

• Italy declares it neutral.

• England Declares War on Germany,

• The French persist on ther Marne.

• Japan declares wat on Germany.

• 1915: The pact of London is signed. Austria and Germany have Gorlice against Russia.

• Italy denounces the Triple Alliance.

• Italy declares war on Austria.

• Italy Declared War on Germany.

• US joins the WW1.

• 1917: WOrkers demonstrations begin in St Perersburgs.

• Russia returns.

• Greece Declares war on Germany.

• Trotsky was born in st Petersburg.

• Lenin Leads a New Goverment.

• Cadorna is replaced by Diaz.

• The Inatalians resist on the Painve.

• 1918: Peace of Brest Litovsk between Russia and Germany. Federative Soviet Socialist Republic is proclaimed.

• The germans are forced to withdraw from Belgium. The emperor abdicates/ the public is proclamed. Bulgaria surrenders/ so does Turkey.

• Austria surrenders and Sogns the Villa Giusti armistice with Italy.

• Germany surrenders.

• 1919: The peace conference happens in Paris.

• Luigi Sturzo found the italian people's party in rome.

• The Treaty of Versailles is signed (June28)

• the Treaty of Sant German in Laye is signed (septemebr10).

• 20: HITLER'S german national socialist party is founded.

• 1921: Communist Party of China was born.

• Mussolini Founds the national Factist Party.

• Italy has political elections.

• .1922: Italy has new elections.

• 1920: Hitler founds the German National Socialist Party.

• 1921: The Communist Party of China is established, and Mussolini founds the National Fascist Party in Italy. The Socialist Party in Italy becomes the Communist Party of Italy.

• Italy holds political elections.

• 1922: Mussolini forms the new government; The USSR is formed.

• 1923: Members are excluded from the Mussolini goverment.

• 1924: Lenin dies in Russia.

• Italy has new elections.

• Giacomo is killed by the squadristi.

• Msssolini is attcked in Italy by Zamboni.

• 1927: The Grand Council of Fascism launches the "Labour Charter".

• 1929: Wall Street has it's crashs.

• 1929: The election in Germany has the most votes in history.

• Mussolini signs The Concordact and the Latern Peace Pacts.

• 1932: Franklin is elected president of the USA.

• The Nazis are succeesscul (230 sears)

• 1933 Hitler is pointed Chancellor.

• Hitler gains complete control after new elections.

• 1934: The "Four Power Pact" is established/ The USSR joins the League of Nations.

• Main leaders are killed; Mussolini attacks Ethiopia.

• 1935 The war with Ethiopia has a conemntion that Italy can make war.

• The Rhineland is invaded;

• The war against Ethiopia ends.

• 1937: China is attacked by Japan.

• 1938: A conference is formed with Hitler.

• Czechoslovakia gets the german Sudetenland decided

• The NAZI's kill +91 people +arrest 1000s.

• Nastis occupy Austria

• 1939: Hittler attacks Czech.

• Italy occupies Albania/ claims: Tunisia Djibouti.

• Italy and Germany Sign the pact of steel.

• Poland invaded by Germany starts War on september 1st.

• Roosevelt is given 3rd term.

• Germany begins Norway.

• Itlay joins war on france and England.

• Troops enter Peries.

• Attempts made to invade England fail.

• Germany Italy and Japan create the tripartine alliance/ split by influence.

• 1941: Rooesevelt and Churchil sign the atlantic Charter-

• The invasion of russia starts the germans carry the plan.

• Japan Attack USA on the preal Harbor

• 1942: Singapore conquered.

• Us defeats them/ allies defeats Italy on ALamein.

• 1943: USA la dns in Sicily.

• Mussolini Aresteted and appints Badagli as Prime Misniter/ Gemerany invaveds.

• Mussolini Freed snd the Germsn found the Italians Social rupublic.

• Russsian drives back germany.

• Yalta conference/ USA attacks Japan.

• 1944: Russia and gemrany at war/ US general leads.

• Russains arrives in Wardsaw.

• PHiolimes is conqeured by US

• 1945: Russia and CHurchil Yalta

• The USA/ Italy/ libration is completed.

• MUSSINOLIN i's CAprted and HITLER DIED

• The german surrneder is signed.

• the Americans drop the ATomic Bomg and is killed

• HO Chi declared the depenece.

• 1946: A Jewish state gets elected:

• The Italian Refruednum is made with A new repubic and prisndent.

• 1947: Thanks to ghandia Indie gts inpeendence .

• Palestine/ Sate of Isreal.

• The EEC iS esbalihshed.

• Gandhis assaniates.

• 1950 The korean wars begin/ Peoels is prolcianed.

• The ECSC to promote the Intergrstion.

• Salin es did.

• DE geaaperia ded

• 1954: an agreemnt/ Ho is elected/ nasser decrrets

• 1958: 48 the OESC is establsihied and the new italian constitution get eneted.

• Contemporary Age:*

• And the period from 1961 to the present day the cold war/ globalization/ Asian powers.

• 161- the ussa has the fist man / -1962-US also, -The Secoand one opens/ -1963 - dies the assanation and becomes the president LINdion, - 1967 conqeuer territory Suez Canl,, - 1 968 dies. .1969 american lands one htee moon and in italy masscrea Representatives if usa, saigon, and north V begin.