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You have discovered a new strain of bacteria and are trying to understand its morphology and structure. The first thing you want to do is to produce an image of the general structure of the new bacteria and obtain an idea of its surface roughness for future applications. What form of microscopy would you use?
You have discovered a new strain of bacteria and are trying to understand its morphology and structure. The first thing you want to do is to produce an image of the general structure of the new bacteria and obtain an idea of its surface roughness for future applications. What form of microscopy would you use?
In order to identify the amount of a protein in a cell, you stain the cells with an identifying dye. Then, you are tasked to look under a microscope and quantify the amount of the protein present in the cells. What form of microscopy would be the most beneficial to use for this process?
In order to identify the amount of a protein in a cell, you stain the cells with an identifying dye. Then, you are tasked to look under a microscope and quantify the amount of the protein present in the cells. What form of microscopy would be the most beneficial to use for this process?
Which cell type is able to have phospholipid monolayers?
Which cell type is able to have phospholipid monolayers?
What lipid tail type do archaea have?
What lipid tail type do archaea have?
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You are conducting an experiment to look at the single stranded DNA of a eukaryotic cell during replication. In order to do this, you introduce Aphidicolin, which inhibits DNA polymerase. However, when you test the DNA composition, you find that there are no single-strands of DNA. Assuming SSBs are performing properly, which protein involved in DNA replication is most likely inhibited?
You are conducting an experiment to look at the single stranded DNA of a eukaryotic cell during replication. In order to do this, you introduce Aphidicolin, which inhibits DNA polymerase. However, when you test the DNA composition, you find that there are no single-strands of DNA. Assuming SSBs are performing properly, which protein involved in DNA replication is most likely inhibited?
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What protein is needed to connect the Okazaki fragments?
What protein is needed to connect the Okazaki fragments?
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Cyanobacteria are placed in a controlled environment where the amount of N2 in the air is significantly reduced. Which process will be most affected by this?
Cyanobacteria are placed in a controlled environment where the amount of N2 in the air is significantly reduced. Which process will be most affected by this?
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In what condition does the trp operon become active?
In what condition does the trp operon become active?
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Cleaning surfaces :
Cleaning surfaces :
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Sterilizing culture media :
Sterilizing culture media :
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Air purification :
Air purification :
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Laboratory glassware :
Laboratory glassware :
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Halobacterium salinarum is an archaeon that is a type of extremophile. This archaeon cannot survive in freshwater ecosystems. Based on this information, which of the following types of extremophile is Halobacterium salinarum?
Halobacterium salinarum is an archaeon that is a type of extremophile. This archaeon cannot survive in freshwater ecosystems. Based on this information, which of the following types of extremophile is Halobacterium salinarum?
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Horizontal gene transfer is a mechanism by which organisms transfer genetic information to each other that are not related by parent/offspring. Lysogenic viruses facilitate horizontal gene transfer in a process known as
Horizontal gene transfer is a mechanism by which organisms transfer genetic information to each other that are not related by parent/offspring. Lysogenic viruses facilitate horizontal gene transfer in a process known as
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Polymerase Chain Reaction or PCR is a technique that is utilized in comparison of nucleotide sequences. Assume we run a PCR experiment. However instead of using the Taq polymerase, instead we use DNA polymerase III found in humans. What would be the following outcome of the PCR?
Polymerase Chain Reaction or PCR is a technique that is utilized in comparison of nucleotide sequences. Assume we run a PCR experiment. However instead of using the Taq polymerase, instead we use DNA polymerase III found in humans. What would be the following outcome of the PCR?
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16S amplicon sequencing is a form of sequencing that targets hypervariable regions of the 16S gene. Which of the following would it be most necessary to use 16S amplicon sequencing to differentiate the organisms?
16S amplicon sequencing is a form of sequencing that targets hypervariable regions of the 16S gene. Which of the following would it be most necessary to use 16S amplicon sequencing to differentiate the organisms?
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Match each of the following community interactions to its correct definition:
Match each of the following community interactions to its correct definition:
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Which of the following bacteria most closely relates mitochondrial structure?
Which of the following bacteria most closely relates mitochondrial structure?
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Which of the following are the inputs to oxygenic photosynthesis?
Which of the following are the inputs to oxygenic photosynthesis?
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Where does the calvin cycle take place?
Where does the calvin cycle take place?
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Which of the following are found on fungal cell walls? Select all that apply.
Which of the following are found on fungal cell walls? Select all that apply.
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Which of the following correctly matches the part of a fluorescent microscope to its function?
Which of the following correctly matches the part of a fluorescent microscope to its function?
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You have recently discovered a new compound with antibiotic properties, which you name Ezrium. After applying Ezrium to a sample of bacteria, you notice the presence of breakages within the cells' chromosomal DNA, and an increased expression of proteins involved in the bacterial SOS response. Based on this observation, which antibiotic class would Ezrium most likely belong to?
You have recently discovered a new compound with antibiotic properties, which you name Ezrium. After applying Ezrium to a sample of bacteria, you notice the presence of breakages within the cells' chromosomal DNA, and an increased expression of proteins involved in the bacterial SOS response. Based on this observation, which antibiotic class would Ezrium most likely belong to?
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Which of the following statements pertaining to archaeal cell structure are false? Select all that apply.
Which of the following statements pertaining to archaeal cell structure are false? Select all that apply.
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The image below depicts a bacterial growth curve. Which answer choice correctly matches the letters to their corresponding phase?
The image below depicts a bacterial growth curve. Which answer choice correctly matches the letters to their corresponding phase?
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Ribosomes in bacteria consist of two subunits, 30S and 50S.
Ribosomes in bacteria consist of two subunits, 30S and 50S.
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Leuconostoc mesenteroides produce sauerkraut via the mechanism of cellular respiration.
Leuconostoc mesenteroides produce sauerkraut via the mechanism of cellular respiration.
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The efficiency of photosynthesis in biofuel production is limited by the light saturation point.
The efficiency of photosynthesis in biofuel production is limited by the light saturation point.
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Transduction is how bacteria replicate their DNA.
Transduction is how bacteria replicate their DNA.
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Viral DNA in bacterial genome can play a role in bacterial evolution.
Viral DNA in bacterial genome can play a role in bacterial evolution.
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All bacteria have capsules.
All bacteria have capsules.
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Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides that are liberated only through bacterial cell lysis or death.
Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides that are liberated only through bacterial cell lysis or death.
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The trp operon is an example of an inducible operon.
The trp operon is an example of an inducible operon.
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In the absence of lactose, the lacI gene is continuously transcribed.
In the absence of lactose, the lacI gene is continuously transcribed.
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Telomerase resolves the end replication problem within prokaryotes by constructing telomeres at the end of each chromosome.
Telomerase resolves the end replication problem within prokaryotes by constructing telomeres at the end of each chromosome.
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Gas vesicles are impermeable to liquid water.
Gas vesicles are impermeable to liquid water.
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Endospores tend to be less resilient than microbial cysts.
Endospores tend to be less resilient than microbial cysts.
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The endolysin Cpl-1 is responsible for degradation of the bacterial cell wall in Streptococcus pneumoniae. A phage which contains this endolysin would be called a _____ phage.
The endolysin Cpl-1 is responsible for degradation of the bacterial cell wall in Streptococcus pneumoniae. A phage which contains this endolysin would be called a _____ phage.
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Enfuvirtide is a fusion inhibitor drug that prevents HIV-1 from entering host cells by binding to _____.
Enfuvirtide is a fusion inhibitor drug that prevents HIV-1 from entering host cells by binding to _____.
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Individuals that are deficient in _____ are often highly resistant to HIV.
Individuals that are deficient in _____ are often highly resistant to HIV.
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_____ is a glycoprotein found on the surface of HIV-1 and binds to the _____ receptor to begin host cell entry.
_____ is a glycoprotein found on the surface of HIV-1 and binds to the _____ receptor to begin host cell entry.
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Reverse transcriptase contains three enzymatic activities: _____, _____, and _____.
Reverse transcriptase contains three enzymatic activities: _____, _____, and _____.
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The Escherichia Virus lambda is a really interesting example of a way that a phage can switch between the lysogenic and lytic cycle. The method which controls it is through the use of an operon. Fill in the correct cycle for the given protein (ie when the repressor protein is bound, what cycle is it in)
The Escherichia Virus lambda is a really interesting example of a way that a phage can switch between the lysogenic and lytic cycle. The method which controls it is through the use of an operon. Fill in the correct cycle for the given protein (ie when the repressor protein is bound, what cycle is it in)
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Given the images of cells under a microscope, provide the type of microscopy shown. Refer to images 2-7 on the image sheet: [6 points, 1 point per image]
Given the images of cells under a microscope, provide the type of microscopy shown. Refer to images 2-7 on the image sheet: [6 points, 1 point per image]
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For 44-47, match the following names with the bacterial cell shape they represent. Fill in the blank with the correct image number. Refer to images 8-11 on the image sheet. [1 point each]
For 44-47, match the following names with the bacterial cell shape they represent. Fill in the blank with the correct image number. Refer to images 8-11 on the image sheet. [1 point each]
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There are several structural characteristics that bacteria, eukarya, and archaea share. List 3.
There are several structural characteristics that bacteria, eukarya, and archaea share. List 3.
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Outline the three stages of translation in bacteria. Provide the name of each stage and provide details about the components and process of each.
Outline the three stages of translation in bacteria. Provide the name of each stage and provide details about the components and process of each.
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You are working to sterilize your materials for your next experiment, and you decide to use autoclaving (heat sterilization) to do so. However, when you run your experiments, you find that bacteria has contaminated your cells. Assuming all other steps of the experiment were completed under sterile conditions, what structure is most likely present in the bacteria? Describe three characteristics of this structure that contribute to the high heat resistance of the bacteria.
You are working to sterilize your materials for your next experiment, and you decide to use autoclaving (heat sterilization) to do so. However, when you run your experiments, you find that bacteria has contaminated your cells. Assuming all other steps of the experiment were completed under sterile conditions, what structure is most likely present in the bacteria? Describe three characteristics of this structure that contribute to the high heat resistance of the bacteria.
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Describe a real-world example of commensalism, including the species involved and how the relationship functions.
Describe a real-world example of commensalism, including the species involved and how the relationship functions.
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Study Notes
Microscopy
- Microscopy techniques are used to visualize the morphology and structure of specimens.
- TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy): used to obtain high-resolution images of the internal structure of specimens.
- SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy): generates three-dimensional images of surface features.
- Fluorescence Microscopy: utilizes fluorescent dyes to visualize specific molecules or structures within a specimen.
- Phase Contrast Microscopy: enhances the contrast of transparent specimens, allowing details to be more easily seen.
- Bright Field Microscopy: projects light through the specimen, revealing structures that differ in transparency.
- Dark Field Microscopy: creates a brighter image of a specimen against a dark background
Cell Types and Structures
- Bacteria: have phospholipid bilayers
- Archaea: have unique lipid structures called phospholipid monolayers
- Eukarya: have phospholipid bilayers
Bacterial Structures and Processes
- Endospores: highly resistant structures formed by bacteria, can endure harsh conditions
- Gas Vesicles: aid in buoyancy and flotation for some bacteria species
Microbial Communities and Interactions
- Mutualism: both species benefit
- Commensalism: one benefits, the other is unaffected
- Predation: one species consumes another
- Parasitism: one benefits at the expense of the other
Microbiology Processes
- DNA Replication: DNA Polymerase is responsible for joining Okazaki fragments during DNA replication.
- Protein Synthesis: Involves three main Stages: Initiation, elongation, and termination. Components used Ribosomes, tRNA, mRNA, and amino acids.
- Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms: Bacteria use mechanisms such as the trp operon, which regulate how efficiently they use various energy sources.
- Cell Wall Structure and Function: Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan, a unique polymer in bacterial and archaeal cell walls
- Nitrogen Fixation: Bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia in a process vital for plant nutrition.
Scientific Methods
- PCR Techniques Utilizing DNA polymerase III to replicate DNA strands in targeted ways to measure nucleotide and genomic sequences
- Gram Stain: Differential staining technique that distinguishes between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria based on differences in peptidoglycan layer structure.
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Description
This quiz covers various microscopy techniques such as TEM, SEM, and fluorescence microscopy, highlighting their applications in visualizing specimen structures. Additionally, it explores the types of cells including Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, focusing on their unique characteristics and lipid structures. Test your knowledge on these essential topics in biology!
