Microscopy and Cell Features Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a function of transport proteins?

  • Regulate the movement of substances across the membrane (correct)
  • Identify cells as belonging to the body
  • Provide structure to the cell membrane
  • Bind to ligands and initiate cellular processes

Which of these lipids is located on the outer phospholipid region of the cell membrane?

  • Phospholipids
  • Cholesterol
  • Glycolipids (correct)
  • All of the above

What is the primary function of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

  • To act as a signaling molecule
  • To transport nutrients across the cell membrane
  • To strengthen and stabilize the membrane (correct)
  • To provide energy for cellular processes

Which type of membrane protein is embedded within and extends across the phospholipid bilayer?

<p>Integral proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a function of the plasma membrane?

<p>Synthesizes proteins for the cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cell surface receptors?

<p>To bind to ligands and initiate cellular processes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of enzymes in the cell membrane?

<p>To catalyze chemical reactions and speed up processes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the carbohydrate groups attached to integral proteins?

<p>Glycoproteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of anchoring sites in the cell membrane?

<p>Provide structural support by attaching to the cytoskeleton (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of membrane transport requires energy and moves substances against their concentration gradient?

<p>Active transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of passive processes of membrane transport?

<p>They require energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a molecule that can move through the plasma membrane via simple diffusion?

<p>Carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between channel-mediated diffusion and carrier-mediated diffusion?

<p>Channel-mediated diffusion moves small ions, while carrier-mediated diffusion moves small polar molecules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors would increase the rate of diffusion?

<p>Increased concentration gradient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the plasma membrane in cell communication?

<p>It allows for the transport of signaling molecules between cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the plasma membrane?

<p>It is impermeable to all substances. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following solutions cause the cell to shrink?

<p>Hypertonic solution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Sodium-Potassium pump?

<p>Moves sodium and potassium in opposite directions, against their concentration gradients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of active transport?

<p>Always involves the direct breakdown of ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of active transport involves the movement of two substances in the same direction?

<p>Symport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process where erythrocytes rupture due to being placed in a hypotonic solution?

<p>Hemolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between primary and secondary active transport?

<p>Primary active transport uses ATP directly, while secondary active transport uses the energy from another molecule's movement down its concentration gradient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the movement of water in a hypotonic solution?

<p>Water moves into the cell, down its concentration gradient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of endocytosis?

<p>Exocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of phagocytosis in a cell?

<p>Engulfing and digesting large particles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when a cell shrinks due to being placed in a hypertonic solution?

<p>Crenation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes exocytosis?

<p>The process of releasing substances from the cell through the fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of receptor-mediated endocytosis?

<p>To transport specific molecules in bulk quantities from the external environment into the cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of ATP in vesicular transport?

<p>ATP provides energy for the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane during exocytosis and endocytosis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common characteristic shared by exocytosis and endocytosis?

<p>Both involve the formation of a vesicle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Familial hypercholesteremia is a genetic disorder affecting the process of:

<p>Receptor-mediated endocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of familial hypercholesteremia?

<p>Inability to transport small droplets of interstitial fluid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these microscopes produces a three-dimensional image of a specimen?

<p>Scanning electron microscope (SEM) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the plasma membrane?

<p>Separates the cell interior from the external environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a membrane-bound organelle?

<p>Ribosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleolus?

<p>Production of ribosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cytosol?

<p>The fluid within the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a function of cells?

<p>Transporting oxygen throughout the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of inclusion?

<p>Organelles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a TEM and a SEM?

<p>TEM examines internal structures, SEM examines cell surfaces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driving force behind the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane during osmosis?

<p>Concentration gradient of solutes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of nonpermeable solutes?

<p>They are unable to cross the phospholipid bilayer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the ability of a solution to change the volume or pressure of a cell by osmosis?

<p>Tonicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of solution has the same relative concentration of solutes as the cytosol of a cell?

<p>Isotonic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do aquaporins facilitate the movement of water across the cell membrane?

<p>They create channels through which water molecules can passively diffuse. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the osmotic pressure when the concentration gradient between two solutions increases?

<p>Osmotic pressure increases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between osmosis and diffusion?

<p>Osmosis occurs across a semipermeable membrane, while diffusion does not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of facilitated diffusion?

<p>It requires energy input from ATP. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cytology

The study of cells and their structures.

Light Microscope (LM)

Microscope that produces a two-dimensional image using light.

Electron Microscope (EM)

Microscope that uses electron beams for higher magnification and resolution.

Plasma Membrane

The outer barrier of a cell that separates internal contents from the environment.

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Nucleus

The largest structure in a cell, containing DNA and the nucleolus.

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Organelles

Organized structures within cells that perform specific functions.

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Membrane-bound Organelles

Organelles enclosed by a membrane, separating contents from cytosol.

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Inclusions

Temporary stored substances in cytosol, not classified as organelles.

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Enzymes

Biological molecules that speed up chemical reactions, ending with '-ase'.

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Anchoring sites

Sites that secure the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane.

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Cell-adhesion proteins

Proteins that facilitate attachments between cells.

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Passive transport

Movement of substances across a membrane without energy, down their concentration gradient.

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Active transport

Movement of substances against their concentration gradient requiring energy.

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Diffusion

Net movement of molecules from high to low concentration due to kinetic energy.

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Facilitated diffusion

Transport of small charged or polar solutes with aid from membrane proteins.

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Channel-mediated diffusion

Movement of small ions through specific, water-filled protein channels.

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Phospholipids

Molecules with a polar head and two nonpolar tails, forming a bilayer in the plasma membrane.

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Cholesterol

A four-ring lipid that strengthens the cell membrane and stabilizes it against temperature changes.

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Glycolipids

Lipids with carbohydrate groups, found on the outer layer of the plasma membrane, forming the glycocalyx.

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Integral proteins

Proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer, interacting with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.

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Peripheral proteins

Proteins not embedded in the bilayer but loosely attached to the membrane's surfaces.

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Transport proteins

Proteins that regulate the movement of substances across the membrane by forming channels or carriers.

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Cell surface receptors

Proteins that bind ligands to communicate between cells, such as muscle contractions triggered by neurotransmitters.

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Hypotonic solution

A solution with lower solute concentration than the cytosol, leading to water influx.

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Lysis

Rupturing of cells, commonly red blood cells, when swelling occurs in hypotonic solutions.

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Hypertonic solution

A solution with higher solute concentration than the cytosol, causing water to exit the cell.

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Crenation

Shrinking of cells when water moves out in a hypertonic solution.

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Sodium-potassium pump

An exchange pump that moves Na+ out and K+ into the cell, crucial for cell function.

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Primary active transport

Direct use of ATP to move substances against their gradient via phosphorylation.

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Symport vs Antiport

Symport moves two substances in the same direction, Antiport moves them in opposite directions.

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Vesicular transport

Energy-driven process to transport large substances via vesicles across membranes.

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Exocytosis

Process where large substances are secreted from the cell by vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane.

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Endocytosis

Uptake of large substances from the external environment through vesicle formation.

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Phagocytosis

Type of endocytosis where a cell engulfs large particles, forming a membrane sac.

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Pinocytosis

Type of endocytosis where small droplets of fluid with solutes are internalized.

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Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Endocytosis involving receptor binding to specific molecules for uptake.

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ATP in vesicular transport

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is required for both exocytosis and endocytosis processes.

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Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Genetic disorder causing impaired LDL receptor function, leading to high cholesterol levels.

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Carrier Protein Function

Binds substance and changes shape to transport it across a membrane.

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Osmosis

Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane, not solutes.

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Permeable Solutes

Solutes that can pass through the phospholipid bilayer.

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Nonpermeable Solutes

Solutes prevented from crossing the bilayer, like ions and glucose.

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Osmotic Pressure

Pressure from water movement across a semipermeable membrane due to solute concentration differences.

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Hydrostatic Pressure

Pressure from a fluid within a container, exerting force on walls.

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Tonicity

Ability of a solution to change cell volume by osmosis.

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Isotonic Solution

Solution with equal solute concentration to cytosol, maintains cell volume.

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Study Notes

Microscopy

  • Microscopes are necessary for viewing small-scale structures
  • Staining techniques enhance contrast in images
  • Light microscopes (LM) produce two-dimensional images by passing light through a specimen
  • Electron microscopes (EM) offer greater magnification and resolution than light microscopes.
  • Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) produce 2-D images by directing an electron beam through thin-cut sections of a specimen.
  • Scanning electron microscopes (SEM) create 3-D images by directing an electron beam across the surface of a specimen.

Cell Size and Shape

  • Cells exhibit various sizes and shapes
  • Common shapes include spherical, cube-like, column-like, cylindrical, disc-shaped, and irregular.

Common Cell Features

  • Plasma membrane: Forms a boundary between the cell's interior and external environment. Modified extensions include cilia, flagella, and microvilli.
  • Nucleus: Largest cell structure, enclosed by a nuclear envelope. Contains DNA and a nucleolus. Nucleoplasm is the inner fluid.
  • Cytoplasm: Cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Includes cytosol, organelles, and inclusions.
    • Cytosol (intracellular fluid): Viscous fluid with high water content and dissolved macromolecules/ions
    • Organelles: Organized structures with varied functions
    • Inclusions: Cytosol stores temporarily. Not considered organelles (e.g., pigments, glycogen, triglycerides).

Lipid Components of the Cell

  • Plasma membranes are a fluid mixture of equal parts lipid and protein by weight.
  • They regulate the movement of most substances into and out of the cell.
  • Phospholipids are the primary lipid component.
  • Cholesterol and glycolipids are other types of lipids found in membranes.
  • Phospholipids feature a polar head and two nonpolar tails, creating a bilayer structure.

Membrane Proteins

  • Proteins make up half the mass of the plasma membrane.
  • They perform most of the membrane's functions.
  • Integral proteins are embedded within the phospholipid bilayer.
  • Peripheral proteins are loosely attached to the membrane surface.

Membrane Transport

  • Membrane transport is the process substances enter or leave the cell.
  • Two categories: passive and active
    • Passive Processes: Substances move down their concentration gradient without energy input. (Diffusion and Osmosis) Active processes require energy. (Active transport, vesicular transport)

Passive Transport

  • Diffusion: Net movement of molecules or ions from high to low concentration.
    • Simple diffusion: Molecules move directly between phospholipid molecules.
    • Facilitated diffusion: Proteins aid passage of charged or polar substances.
  • Osmosis: Passive movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.

Active Transport

  • Primary Active Transport: Directly uses ATP to move a substance against its concentration gradient
  • Secondary Active Transport: Uses the energy from one substance moving down its concentration gradient to move a second substance against its concentration gradient.

Vesicular Transport

  • Exocytosis: Vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to release substances out of the cell.
  • Endocytosis: Vesicles form from the plasma membrane to bring substances into the cell. Types include phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Cellular Structures

  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Extensive network of membranes. Rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins, smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis, and detoxification.
  • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, packages, and sorts proteins.
  • Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes to break down unwanted materials.
  • Peroxisomes: Smaller than lysosomes. Contain enzymes for specific metabolic functions.
  • Mitochondria: "Powerhouses" of the cell, involved in cellular respiration.
  • Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.
  • Centrosome: Involved in cell division and organization of microtubules.
  • Proteasomes: Degrade cellular proteins.

Cell Structures and Functions

  • Cytoskeleton: Provides intracellular support and allows movement.
  • Microtubules, Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments: Components of the cytoskeleton.
  • Cilia (and Flagella): Hair-like projections that move substances.
  • Microvilli: Increase surface area for absorption of materials.
  • Membrane Junctions: Tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions join cells.

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Description

Test your knowledge on microscopy techniques and the characteristics of different cell types. This quiz covers light and electron microscopy, as well as the various shapes and common features of cells. Discover how these microscopic tools help us understand cellular structures.

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