Microscopes Overview

Nucleus Function

• The nucleus is the control center of the eukaryotic cell, responsible for storing and protecting genetic information in the form of DNA.

Protein Synthesis Location

• Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.

Free vs. Bound Ribosomes

• Free ribosomes are located in the cytosol and produce proteins that function within the cell.
• Bound ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and synthesize proteins that are destined for export outside the cell or for insertion into membranes.

Chromatin Function

• Chromatin condenses into chromosomes during cell division to ensure the equal distribution of genetic material to daughter cells.

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

• Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and a complex system of internal membranes.
• Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells.

Location of Free Ribosome Products

• Proteins made by free ribosomes are primarily functional in the cytosol.

Light vs. Electron Microscopy

• Light microscopes use visible light to illuminate and magnify specimens, while electron microscopes use a beam of electrons to generate images.
• Electron microscopes provide much higher resolution than light microscopes, allowing for the visualization of smaller cellular structures.

Unit of Measure for Mitochondria

• The diameter of a mitochondrion is typically measured in micrometers (µm).

Fluorescence Microscopy

• Fluorescence microscopy uses fluorescent dyes to label specific cellular components, allowing for their visualization and localization within the cell.

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

• The surface area to volume ratio affects the efficiency of nutrient uptake and waste removal for cells.
• As a cell increases in size, its volume grows faster than its surface area, leading to a decrease in the ratio. This can limit the cell's ability to exchange materials with its environment.

Significance of Cell Theory

• The Cell Theory is a fundamental principle in biology that states:
  • All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
  • The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.
  • All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
• The Cell Theory has revolutionized our understanding of life and has served as the foundation for many biological discoveries.

Nanometer Range Organelle

• Ribosomes are organelles with a diameter in the nanometer range.