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Questions and Answers
Catkin is an elongated inflorescence of ______ flowers
Catkin is an elongated inflorescence of ______ flowers
unisexual
The head is a dense inflorescence of small or stalkless ______
The head is a dense inflorescence of small or stalkless ______
flowers
The stem is the essential part of the plant's structure that provides support and stability. It is composed of 3 main tissue systems namely: dermal, ground, and ______ tissue
The stem is the essential part of the plant's structure that provides support and stability. It is composed of 3 main tissue systems namely: dermal, ground, and ______ tissue
vascular
The dermal (epidermis) tissue system serves as the protective barrier in the plant against the external ______
The dermal (epidermis) tissue system serves as the protective barrier in the plant against the external ______
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Vascular tissue system is responsible for the transport of water, minerals, and other ______
Vascular tissue system is responsible for the transport of water, minerals, and other ______
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Ground tissue system is most abundant tissue system. It is responsible for photosynthesis, storage, and ______
Ground tissue system is most abundant tissue system. It is responsible for photosynthesis, storage, and ______
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The cortex is located between the epidermis and the vascular tissue while the pith is located in the center of the stem, after the vascular ______
The cortex is located between the epidermis and the vascular tissue while the pith is located in the center of the stem, after the vascular ______
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Mitosis is the process by which a cell replicates its chromosomes and produces two identical daughter ______
Mitosis is the process by which a cell replicates its chromosomes and produces two identical daughter ______
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Greek word “mitos” means “warp ______”
Greek word “mitos” means “warp ______”
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Proliferation is the process that causes an increase in the number of cells in a given area and time. It involves a. Prophase - Chromosomes supercoil. Fibers of the spindle apparatus begin to form between centrosomes located at the pole of the cells. Nuclear membrane ______
Proliferation is the process that causes an increase in the number of cells in a given area and time. It involves a. Prophase - Chromosomes supercoil. Fibers of the spindle apparatus begin to form between centrosomes located at the pole of the cells. Nuclear membrane ______
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Study Notes
Parts and Components of a Microscope
- A microscope magnifies small objects, enabling observation at the cellular level.
- Allows visualization of cell structures like nuclei, mitochondria, and organelles.
External Structure of the Leaf
- Leaves are flattened green outgrowths from the stem of vascular plants.
- Composed of:
- Blade: the broad part of the leaf.
- Leaf-stalk (Petiole): connects blade to stem in dicots; called leaf-sheath in monocots.
- Sessile Leaves: lack a petiole; include various classifications based on leaf-base attachment.
Types of Sessile Leaves
- Amplexicaul: leaf base clasps the stem.
- Perfoliate: lobes meet around the stem, appearing pierced.
- Decurrent: lower edges extend down the stem.
- Sheathing: blade base encircles the stem.
Compound Leaves
- Comprised of leaflets attached to petiolules, with a central rachis.
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Types:
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Pinnate: leaflets arranged along a main stalk.
- Simple: unbranched with a double row of leaflets.
- Twice Pinnate: leaflets arranged on branches off the rachis.
- Simple Palmate: leaflets attach at the tip of the petiole; ternate has three leaflets.
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Pinnate: leaflets arranged along a main stalk.
Leaf Arrangement (Phyllotaxy)
- Alternate: one leaf per node; alternate sides.
- Opposite: two leaves per node, one on each side.
- Fasciculate: multiple leaves arise from a single node on the same side.
- Whorled: three or more leaves arranged around the stem at one node.
- Decussate: pairs of opposite leaves oriented at right angles.
- Secund: all leaves inclined to one side.
Venation
- Adaxial Surface: upper surface of the leaf.
- Abaxial Surface: lower surface of the leaf.
- Veinlets: ultimate divisions of leaf veins.
Floral Structure
- Staminate Flowers: contain only male parts.
- Pistillate Flowers: contain only female parts.
- Corolla: petals fused together in flowers.
- Sepals: protective outer parts before flowering, fused forms a calyx.
- Perianth: combined sepals and petals; indistinct forms are tepals.
- Bract: green leaves beneath the sepals.
- Pedicels: flower stems; the receptacle is where flowers attach.
Classification of Flowers
- Complete Flower: possesses all four organs (stamen, pistil, petals, sepals).
- Perfect Flower: includes both stamens and pistils.
- Imperfect Flower: contains only one essential organ (either staminate or pistillate).
- Incomplete Flower: lacks one or more organs.
Flower Symmetry
- Regular Flower: symmetric upon dissection.
- Irregular Flower: asymmetrical petals and sepals.
Plant Sexuality
- Monoecious: same plant bears both staminate and pistillate flowers (e.g., corn).
- Dioecious: staminate and pistillate flowers found on separate plants (e.g., papaya).
- Polygamous: contains both perfect and unisexual flowers on the same plant.
Coalescence of Parts
- Cohesion: union of similar parts (e.g., synandry for stamens).
- Adhesion: union of dissimilar parts, such as epipetaly where stamens attach to corolla.
Types of Inflorescence
- Peduncle: main stem of the inflorescence.
- Pedicels: branch from the peduncle to support individual flowers.
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Types:
- Spike: unbranched with stemless florets.
- Raceme: unbranched with florets on short pedicels.
- Panicle: loosely branched, pyramidal structure.
- Corymb: flat-topped, blooms from outside edges.
- Cyme: center flower opens first in a flat-topped arrangement.
- Umbel: shaped like an inverted umbrella with pedicels from one point.
- Spadix: fleshy spike surrounded by a colorful bract (spathe).
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Description
Test your knowledge about the parts and components of a microscope, as well as the external structure of a leaf. Learn about the magnification process and the anatomy of leaves.