Microprocessor Fundamentals and Microcomputers
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Questions and Answers

What are the 3 basic components (subsystems) of a microcomputer?

  • Microprocessor, memory and input/output (I/O) devices (correct)
  • Microcontroller, memory and input/output (I/O) devices
  • Microprocessor, memory and register
  • ALU, memory and control unit

    • A microcomputer is not a programmable machine.

    False

    What is the function of a system bus?

  • It is used to communicate between components of a microcomputer (correct)
  • It performs all computing and logic operations
  • It control the timing of all components of the microcomputer
  • It stores instructions and data for the microprocessor

    • Which of the following options are the 4 groups that microcomputers can be classified into? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Microcontroller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first graphical user interface (GUI) was used in the Apple Lisa OS.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a microprocessor?

    <p>A multi-purpose, programmable, clock-driven, register-based electronic device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main functions of a microprocessor?

    <p>Reads binary instructions from memory; accepts binary data as input; processes data according to instructions; provides outputs; controls all operations executed within the microprocessor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of memory?

    <p>Prime (or main) memory and storage memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between RAM and ROM? (Select all that apply)

    <p>RAM is volatile, ROM is non-volatile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A collection of ______ within the microprocessor itself are used for data storage during program execution.

    <p>registers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 main units that make up a microprocessor?

    <p>ALU, Register Array and Control Unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ALU stand for?

    <p>Arithmetic Logic Unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary functions of the control unit?

    <p>Controlling the timing and sequence of microprocessor operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of the register array?

    <p>Store data temporarily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 8085 microprocessor was first introduced in 1975.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are the reasons why the 8085 microprocessor was initially popular and used extensively (Select all that apply)?

    <p>It was widely used in educational settings, making it an ideal learning tool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the operating frequency of the 8085 microprocessor?

    <p>3 MHz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pins does the 8085 microprocessor have?

    <p>40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of 'ALE' signal in the 8085 microprocessor?

    <p>It is used to multiplex the address bus and data bus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bits does the data bus in the 8085 microprocessor occupy?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 8085 microprocessor can manipulate data up to 16 bits at a time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The group of signals in the 8085 microprocessor that is responsible for overall control and synchronization of the system is called the ______ bus.

    <p>Control &amp; Status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the 'RD*' control signal (active low) in the 8085 microprocessor?

    <p>Indicates that a read operation is being performed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'WR*' control signal (active low) in the 8085 microprocessor indicate?

    <p>The microprocessor is ready to receive data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the 'IO/M*' status signal in the 8085 microprocessor?

    <p>Indicate whether the operation is related to I/O or memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the purposes of the 'S1' and 'S0' status signals in the 8085 microprocessor?

    <p>Identify various operations in the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the 'HOLD' signal in the 8085 microprocessor?

    <p>Indicates that a peripheral device wants to access the memory and data buses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'HLDA' signal in the 8085 microprocessor?

    <p>Indicates that the microprocessor has granted access to the memory and data buses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the 'READY' signal in the 8085 microprocessor?

    <p>Signifies that a peripheral device is ready to send or receive data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 8085 microprocessor uses 5 interrupt signals for interrupting a program execution.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these interrupt signals is a non-maskable interrupt with the highest priority in the 8085 microprocessor?

    <p>TRAP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 8085 microprocessor has two signals for serial transmission called ______ and ______

    <p>SID (Serial Input Data) and SOD (Serial Output Data)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the 'INTA' (Interrupt Acknowledge) signal in the 8085 microprocessor?

    <p>Acknowledges an interrupt request</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 8085 microprocessor has a single instruction register.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 8085 microprocessor uses a single data bus and address bus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the function of the instruction decoder.

    <p>The instruction decoder interprets the instruction code stored in the instruction register and generates a sequence of control signals. These signals direct the other units of the microprocessor to perform the actions specified by the current instruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the 8085's program counter?

    <p>To store the addresses of instructions to be executed next</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functions does the 8085's stack pointer perform?

    <p>Store the addresses of skipped instructions during subroutine calls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a general purpose register in the 8085?

    <p>PC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 8085 microprocessor's general purpose registers can be combined to form 16-bit registers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the 8085's stack?

    <p>Store the addresses of skipped instructions during subroutine calls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following memory addressing modes is used for accessing skipped addresses during subroutine calls in the 8085 microprocessor?

    <p>Stack addressing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 8085 microprocessor's stack is implemented with a LIFO (Last In First Out) strategy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 8085 microprocessor can be programmed using both machine language and assembly language.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 8085 microprocessor is able to execute instructions directly from a flash drive.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 8085 microprocessor can be easily reprogrammed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Instruction stored in the instruction register is directly executed by the ALU.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is widely considered as the brain of a microprocessor.

    <p>ALU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following flag is used to indicate the result of an arithmetic/logical operation is zero.

    <p>Zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 8085 microprocessor has a special purpose register know as 'stack counter' which is used to store the program counter's address while executing a subroutine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the role of the timing and control unit in a microprocessor?

    <p>It controls the timing and sequence of microprocessor operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these functions is not performed by the 8085's timing and control unit?

    <p>Performing arithmetic operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microprocessor Fundamentals

    • The 8085 microprocessor was first introduced in March 1976.
    • It's an 8-bit microprocessor with a 16-bit address width, addressing 64KB of memory.
    • It has 40 pins and approximately 6500 transistors.
    • It requires a +5 volt power supply and operates at 3 MHz.
    • The 8085 is chosen for study due to its widespread use, ease of use, and simple architecture.
    • This provides an adequate instruction set, enabling students to readily learn fundamental programming concepts.

    Microcomputer

    • A microcomputer is a programmable machine.
    • It consists of three basic subsystems: the microprocessor, memory, and input/output (I/O) devices.
    • These components work together to carry out tasks.
    • The 8085 microprocessor was introduced in 1976.
    • Communications between components occur via a system bus, encompassing a data bus, an address bus, and a control bus.

    Microprocessor

    • A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable, clock-driven, register-based electronic device.
    • It retrieves binary instructions from memory.
    • It processes binary data according to those instructions.
    • It delivers results as output.

    Microcontroller

    • A microcontroller is a microcomputer built on a single chip.
    • It comprises a microprocessor, memory (including program and data memory), input/output (I/O) devices, and extra peripherals, such as analog-to-digital converters and timers.
    • Examples include Microchip PIC, Motorola, and ATMEL chips.

    Bits, Bytes, and Words

    • Computer operations are based on binary digits (bits) - 0 and 1. Electrical voltages represent these bits.
    • A byte is composed of eight bits.
    • A word is a collection of bits executed in a single operation. Word size varies depending on the microprocessor (8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, or 64-bit).
    • Memory word size is usually a byte.
    • Memory is measured in units like kilobytes (kB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), and terabytes (TB).

    Software

    • Software consists of instructions, written in bit patterns, that dictate actions for the microprocessor.
    • Software consists of a group of programs.
    • Programs set procedures to carry out tasks.
    • Binary instructions are challenging to write, hence, assembly-level programming uses English-like words to represent these instructions.
    • Both assembly and machine languages are specific to each microprocessor.

    Assembly Language

    • Assembly language uses symbolic codes (mnemonics) that resemble operations.

    Microprocessor Architecture

    • A microprocessor internally comprises three main units: the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), the Register Array, and the Control Unit.

    ALU

    • The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs all computational and logical tasks.
    • Tasks include addition, subtraction, and logical operations (AND, OR, XOR).

    Control Unit

    • The control unit governs the microprocessor's operation—which components are activated and the timing sequence—and handles interactions with peripherals (input/output, or I/O).
    • This includes synchronization mechanisms, interrupt processes, and the power-up sequence.

    Register Array

    • A register array holds storage registers.
    • These registers are designed for high-speed data storage during program execution.
    • General-purpose registers are flexible; programmers can use them any way they need.
    • Special-purpose registers have dedicated tasks, such as helping with flag indicators.

    Memory

    • Microprocessor components essential for storing and accessing data and instructions.
    • There are two types:
      • Primary memory (e.g. RAM, ROM)
      • Secondary memory (e.g., hard drives, CDs, USB drives)

    RAM

    • Random Access Memory (RAM) is comprised of storage registers. Each register utilizes flip-flops to store information bits. Each flip-flop is a memory cell.

    ROM

    • Read-Only Memory (ROM) permanently stores data using diodes. Diodes can be thought of as registers in this instance.

    I/O Devices

    • Input/output (I/O) is used by the system to communicate with the outside world.
    • Examples of I/O devices include peripherals such as keyboards, mice, scanners, speakers, and monitors.
    • Input devices send data from the external world to the processor.
    • Output devices send data from the processor to the external world.

    8085 Microprocessor

    • The 8085 microprocessor is an 8-bit microprocessor with 40 pins.

    8085 Microprocessor Buses

    • Address Bus (16 pins)
    • Data Bus (8 multiplexed pins)
    • Control & Status Bus (6 pins)

    8085 Microprocessor Power Supply & Frequency

    • Vcc (+5V) is the power supply.
    • Vss (Ground)
    • X1, X2 are pins for the crystal, responsible for system clock frequency (ideally 6 MHz, internally divided to 3 MHz). (Clock output)

    8085 Microprocessor Interrupt & Acknowledge Signals

    • These enable other devices to interrupt processor execution.

    8085 Instruction & Decoder and Timing & Control

    • The 8085 instruction decoder interprets instructions and commands the appropriate operation sequence.
    • The timing & control unit governs the precise timing and communication among all parts and components of the micro-processor.

    8085 Register Array

    • These registers store data temporarily during operations.
    • Specific registers include the accumulator, temporary register, status register, general-purpose registers, program counter, and stack pointer, and memory-address register.

    8085 ALU

    • The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) deals with data manipulation operations.

    8085 Internal Diagram

    • The 8085 includes an ALU, timing and control unit, an instruction register and decoder, and a register array, and serial I/O control.

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    Introduction To Intel 8085 Microprocessor Hardware PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts of microprocessors, specifically the 8085 microprocessor introduced in 1976. It explores the architecture and components of microcomputers, including the microprocessor, memory, and I/O devices. Test your understanding of how these components interact and the fundamental programming concepts associated with them.

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