88 Questions
Which immune cells are highlighted as major players involved in immune defense against tuberculosis?
Macrophages and CD4+ T cells
What is a key strategy used by M. tuberculosis to circumvent immune responses?
Preventing fusion with lysosome
Which bacterium is highlighted as a facultative intracellular pathogen in the text?
M.tuberculosis
What is a characteristic feature of Mycoplasma pneumoniae based on the text?
Causes walking pneumonia
Which bacterium causes meningitis and has sialic acid to avoid complement?
N.meningitidis
Which pathogen inhibits mucosal removal by releasing Tracheal Cytotoxin (TCT) from its cell wall?
Chlamydia psittaci
Which pathogen causes Whooping cough?
Bordetella pertussis
Which pathogen utilizes molecular mimicry to cause systemic lupus and erythematosus?
Burkholderia spp
Which pathogen demonstrates cell-to-cell spread during infection?
Chlamydia psittaci
Which pathogen employs adhesion, invasion, and intracellular growth to cause Gullian-Barre-Syndrome?
Campylobacter jejuni
What is the process that follows after Chlamydia-induced actin remodeling that facilitates entry into the host cell cytoplasm?
EBs become internalized into endocytic vacuoles
Which of the following organisms utilizes nutrients within the host cytoplasm, replicates, and then converts back to the infectious form when reaching a critical volume?
Clostridioides difficile
Which organism is a major cause of hospital-acquired infections and is currently treated with antibiotics but shows a potential risk of antibiotic resistance?
Clostridioides difficile
Which bacterial species is known for causing food poisoning, gas gangrene, and secreting multiple exotoxins including α-toxin, β-toxin, ε-toxin, and ι-toxin?
Clostridium perfringens
Which organism causes bacterial vaginosis and belongs to the Actinobacteria phylum?
Gardnerella vaginalis
What is the role of reticulate bodies (RB) in the Chlamydia infection process?
Replicate and utilize nutrients within the host cytoplasm
What triggers the conversion of reticulate bodies (RB) back to infectious extracellular forms (EB) in Chlamydia infection?
Critical volume reached by the RB-filled inclusion
Which phase of Chlamydia resembles a non-infectious replicative form known as the reticulate body (RB)?
Utilization of nutrients within the host cytoplasm
After reaching a critical volume, what process leads to the release of extracellular bodies (EB) during Chlamydia infection?
Host cell lysis
Which event occurs after infectious extracellular bodies (EBs) attach to adjacent host cells during Chlamydia infection?
Initiation of another round of infection
Which bacterium evades host-mediated killing by having sialic acid to avoid complement?
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Which bacterium causes a severe form of pneumonia known as Legionnaire’s disease and is found in fresh water?
Legionella pneumophila
Which bacterium is an obligate intracellular pathogen responsible for causing leprosy?
Mycobacterium leprae
Which bacteria survive inside immune cells such as macrophages?
Legionella pneumophila
Which bacterium has a capsule as an important virulence factor in its infection process?
Legionella pneumophila
Which bacterium is associated with membrane ruffling and trigger mechanism involving T3SS1 effector molecules?
Shigella dysenteriae
Which bacterium is known for causing opportunistic nosocomial pneumonia and sepsis?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Which bacterium is capable of forming a vacuole in macrophages by reprogramming endosomal traffic?
Salmonella Typhimurium
Which bacterium is unique due to its Vi antigen that inhibits phagocytosis and confers serum resistance?
Salmonella Typho
Which bacterium is a common cause of food poisoning and produces hydrogen sulfide (H2S)?
Salmonella enterica
Which bacterial toxin targets Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum to increase Cl- efflux and decrease Na+ influx in host cells?
Cholera Toxin
Which bacterial pathogen is best studied using ancient DNA analysis and is the causative agent of plague?
Yersinia Pestis
Which bacterium uses a superantigen mechanism of action and activates the immune response?
Streptococcus pyogenes
What is the primary habitat of Vibrio cholerae?
Brackish or saltwater
Which bacterium causes diseases like pharyngitis, scarlet fever, impetigo, and necrotising fasciitis?
Streptococcus pyogenes
Which bacterial pathogen encodes multiple virulence factors and uses molecular mimicry to target host heart myosin?
Streptococcus pyogenes
Which bacterial pathogen employs a high salt concentration to inhibit most bacteria except itself on Mannitol salt agar?
Staphylococcus aureus
What bacterial genus does not exhibit catalase activity except for Staphylococcus aureus?
Streptococcus
Which bacterial pathogen causes rat bite fever and Haverhill fever?
Streptobacillus moniliformis
Which bacterium causes a rare but severe bacterial infection associated with significant damage to deep soft tissue structures like muscle and connective tissues?
Streptococcus pyogenes
What symptoms can be associated with adult GI parasitism according to the text?
Impaired growth
Which medication combination is recommended for treating Ascaris infection?
Albendazole and ivermectin
How do you differentiate Necator from Ancylostoma based on the morphology mentioned in the text?
Presence of cutting plates or teeth in the buccal capsule
Which of the following is a characteristic of N. americanus as mentioned in the text?
Has a characteristic shape of letter 'S'
Which term is NOT associated with larval migration of parasitic worms according to the text?
Lactose intolerance
What is the potential impact of larval migration on physical fitness according to the text?
Reduced physical endurance
Which of the following is true regarding Old world hookworms compared to Necator hookworms?
Old world hookworms have a more widespread distribution than Necator hookworms
What is the route of infection for cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) caused by zoonotic infections?
Percutaneous larval invasion through the skin
Which of the following diseases is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti?
Filariasis
What is the vector responsible for transmitting Wuchereria bancrofti to humans?
Mosquitoes
Which filarial worm accounts for over 90% of all disease cases related to filarial infections?
Wuchereria bancrofti
What is the characteristic visible manifestation of diseases caused by Brugia malayi?
Scrotal swelling
What is the main intermediate host for Dracunculus medinensis?
Copepod
What is the pathology associated with Dracunculus medinensis infections?
Ulcers and blisters
How can Dracunculus medinensis infections be effectively treated?
Worm extraction by wrapping around a stick
Why is eradicating Dracunculus medinensis challenging?
Behavioral and environmental factors
What is the main group that N. americanus belongs to?
Nematodes
How do N. americanus larvae typically infect humans?
Via skin penetration
What is the characteristic feature used to differentiate Ancylostoma from Necator based on the text?
Presence of cutting plates
What are the symptoms associated with larval migration according to the text?
Impaired growth, physical fitness, and cognition
Which anthelminthic therapy combination is effective for curing Ascaris infection based on the text?
Albendazole plus ivermectin
Which term is used to describe the lung condition caused by larval migration of parasitic worms according to the text?
Verminous pneumonia
What is a key difference between Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale?
Buccal morphology
Which soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection is effectively treated with a combination of Albendazole and ivermectin?
Hookworm infection
How do Old world hookworms compare to Necator hookworms based on medical and veterinary importance?
They have a higher prevalence and more zoonotic species.
What is the significance of percutaneous larval invasion in zoonotic infections according to the text?
It allows larvae to travel aimlessly within the host body.
In the context of filarial infections, what role do mosquitoes play?
They serve as intermediate hosts for the larval development of certain parasitic roundworms.
What is the primary characteristic of Dracunculus medinensis among filarial infections discussed in the text?
Formation of painful blisters and ulcers in infected individuals.
What distinguishes N. americanus compared to other parasitic worms mentioned in the text?
It exhibits a unique C-shaped morphology different from other hookworms.
What is the most accurate statement regarding Ancylostoma spp. larval invasion based on the text?
Zoonotic infections involve larval migration when people walk over sand contaminated with animal feces.
How does Dracunculus medinensis primarily reproduce within the human host?
By producing offspring through sexual reproduction in subcutaneous tissue
What is a common symptom associated with Dracunculus medinensis infections?
Localized pain at the infected area
What is the most effective method for treating dracunculiasis caused by Dracunculus medinensis?
Extracting the worm by wrapping it around a stick
Why is Dracunculus medinensis eradication challenging?
Lack of effective anti-parasitic drugs or vaccines
In which host does Dracunculus medinensis mainly mature and reproduce?
Final host: Human
What is the characteristic feature of Dracunculus medinensis infections that leads to ulcers and blisters?
Fertilized worm migrating into skin and discharging larvae
What symptom is commonly associated with N. americanus adult GI parasitism according to the text?
Intestinal obstruction
What distinguishes Dracunculus medinensis infections from other parasitic worm infections discussed in the text?
Larval migration causing verminous pneumonia
Which characteristic differentiates N. americanus from Ancylostoma, based on the text?
Cutting plates in the buccal capsule
What treatment challenge is specifically associated with Dracunculus medinensis infections?
Inaccessibility of parasites in deep tissue structures
What makes N. americanus larval invasion unique compared to other hookworms discussed in the text?
Larval invasion through skin penetration
How does Dracunculus medinensis primarily impact physical fitness according to the text?
Causes impaired physical fitness
What is a notable difference between N. americanus and A. duodenale mentioned in the text?
N. americanus larva can infect humans through the skin, while A. duodenale larva infect through ingestion.
What makes Dracunculus medinensis particularly challenging to eradicate, as highlighted in the text?
The ability of Dracunculus medinensis larvae to survive for extended periods outside of a host.
Which statement best describes the impact of larval migration on physical fitness based on the text?
Larval migration can result in muscle damage and impaired mobility.
Why do people need to be cautious when walking barefoot over sand where cats/dogs have defecated, according to the text?
To prevent cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) caused by zoonotic larval invasion.
What distinguishes Necator americanus larval invasion from Ancylostoma spp., as indicated in the text?
Necator americanus larvae enter the human body through ingestion, while Ancylostoma spp. larvae penetrate the skin.
Which aspect of larval release during Chlamydia infection is analogous to the phenomenon seen in Dracunculus medinensis infections?
Reticulate bodies (RB) convert to extracellular bodies (EB) after reaching a critical volume.
Test your knowledge on various microorganisms and the diseases they cause. Learn about bacteria like Aerigunosa, Plasmodium species, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Proteus mirabilis.
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