Unit 1 Section 1 Quiz Hard

Microorganisms and Disease

• Microorganisms are organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye.
• Early civilizations recognized the link between sewage and disease, leading to the construction of aqueducts to transport waste away.

Early Contributors to Disease Concepts

• Hippocrates, known as the "Father of Western Medicine," introduced the idea that diseases have natural causes rather than supernatural ones.
• Thucydides, referred to as the "Father of Scientific History," advocated for evidence-based analysis of cause and effect.
• Marcus Terentius Varro suggested that invisible entities (microorganisms) could be responsible for disease.

Contributions to Microscopy

• Zacharias Janssen created the first simple microscope, paving the way for future advancements.
• Robert Hooke improved microscopy with enhancements like fine adjustment and better lighting conditions.
• Antony van Leeuwenhoek, the "Father of Microbiology," developed a lens capable of viewing microbes.

Antony van Leeuwenhoek’s Contributions

• First to observe and document microbes, including muscle fibers, sperm, and blood flow.

Golden Age of Microbiology

• Louis Pasteur greatly advanced microbiology by developing germ theory, disproving spontaneous generation, and creating rabies vaccines.
• Robert Koch identified specific pathogens for diseases such as cholera and anthrax.
• The attenuation principle reduced the danger posed by pathogens in disease prevention.

Taxonomy

• Taxonomy refers to the classification of living organisms into structured groups.
• Carolus Linnaeus introduced the binomial nomenclature system for species classification.
• Ernst Haeckel proposed a four-kingdom system including protista and monera.
• Robert Whittaker advanced taxonomy to five kingdoms, adding fungi as an important category.
• Carl Woese introduced the three domains of life: bacteria, archaea, and eukarya.

Phylogenetic Relationships

• A phylogenetic tree, known as "the tree of life," organizes organisms based on their evolutionary relationships.
• The six current kingdoms include Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea, and Bacteria.
• Domains of life are classified into Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Taxonomic Ranks

• The eight taxonomic ranks from highest to lowest are Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
• Organism names in binomial nomenclature are italicized, with only the genus name capitalized.

Bergey’s Manual

• Bergey's manual is a key resource for classifying and identifying prokaryotes.

Metric Size Equivalents

• Millimeter (1/1000 meter), Micrometer (1/1,000,000 meter), Nanometer (1/1,000,000,000 meter).
• The human eye's limitation is approximately 0.1 mm or 100 micrometers.

Cell Sizes

• Average sizes: Animal cell (10 micrometers), Bacterial cell (1 micrometer), Virus (0.1 micrometer).

Bacterial Cell Structure

• Bacterial cells consist of a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA.

Bacterial Shapes

• Common bacterial shapes include Bacilli (rod-shaped), Cocci (spherical), and Spirillum, Spirochete, Vibrio (spiral-shaped).

Unique Aspects of Archaea

• Archaea can inhabit extreme environments, including high temperatures, extreme cold, and highly acidic or basic conditions.

Applications of Algae

• Algae have various applications, including biofuels, food products, pharmaceuticals, and oxygen production in aquatic environments.

Protozoa Classification

• Protozoa are classified according to their movement mechanisms, such as cilia, flagella, or pseudopods.

Characteristics of Fungi

• Fungi can be unicellular (yeast) or multicellular (mold), operate as decomposers, and typically thrive in warm, moist environments.
• Yeast is unicellular and used in food production but can cause diseases; mold is multicellular, used in pharmaceuticals, and can trigger allergies.

Helminths

• Helminths are multicellular parasitic worms that are associated with microscopic eggs and larvae causing various diseases.

Virus Structure and Classification

• Viruses consist of DNA or RNA. They are not considered alive as they do not reproduce independently nor carry out metabolic functions.