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Questions and Answers
What is the significance of the shutdown rule in relation to the profit maximizing rule in a firm's decision-making process?
What is the significance of the shutdown rule in relation to the profit maximizing rule in a firm's decision-making process?
The shutdown rule trumps the profit maximizing rule.
What is the characteristic of a firm in a long run graph, and what does it imply about the firm's economic profit?
What is the characteristic of a firm in a long run graph, and what does it imply about the firm's economic profit?
Total revenue equals total cost, resulting in no economic profit.
What are the two types of efficiency achieved by firms in a perfectly competitive market in the long run?
What are the two types of efficiency achieved by firms in a perfectly competitive market in the long run?
Productive and allocative efficiency.
What is the main characteristic of a monopoly market structure?
What is the main characteristic of a monopoly market structure?
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What is the profit maximizing quantity for a monopolist, and how is it determined?
What is the profit maximizing quantity for a monopolist, and how is it determined?
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What is the main characteristic of a natural monopoly, and how is it addressed?
What is the main characteristic of a natural monopoly, and how is it addressed?
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What is the main difference between a scarcity and an unlimited want?
What is the main difference between a scarcity and an unlimited want?
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In the context of a Production Possibilities Curve (PPC), what does it mean for a point to be outside the curve?
In the context of a Production Possibilities Curve (PPC), what does it mean for a point to be outside the curve?
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What is comparative advantage, and how does it relate to trade?
What is comparative advantage, and how does it relate to trade?
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What is the Law of Demand, and how does it relate to the shape of the demand curve?
What is the Law of Demand, and how does it relate to the shape of the demand curve?
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What is the difference between a supply shift and a movement along the supply curve?
What is the difference between a supply shift and a movement along the supply curve?
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What is the difference between elasticity and elasticity coefficient?
What is the difference between elasticity and elasticity coefficient?
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What is the difference between consumer surplus and producer surplus?
What is the difference between consumer surplus and producer surplus?
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What is the shut-down rule in the context of cost and revenue?
What is the shut-down rule in the context of cost and revenue?
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Study Notes
Here are the study notes:
Unit 1: Introduction to Microeconomics
- Scarcity: unlimited wants and limited resources
- Opportunity Cost: the value of the next best alternative given up when making a choice
- Production Possibilities Curve (PPC):
- Shows different combinations of producing two goods
- Points on the curve are efficient; inside the curve is inefficient; outside is impossible with current resources
- Constant opportunity cost: straight line PPC
- Increasing opportunity cost: concave to the origin PPC
- Comparative Advantage:
- Specialize in producing a good with lower opportunity cost
- Trade with other countries to consume beyond PPC
- Terms of Trade: how many units of one product should be traded for another
Unit 2: Demand and Supply
- Demand:
- Downward sloping curve
- Law of Demand: higher price, lower quantity demanded
- Substitution effect, income effect, and diminishing marginal utility
- Supply:
- Upward sloping curve
- Law of Supply: higher price, higher quantity supplied
- Equilibrium:
- Intersection of demand and supply curves
- Shortage: when price is below equilibrium
- Surplus: when price is above equilibrium
- Shifts:
- Demand shift: change in quantity demanded at each price
- Supply shift: change in quantity supplied at each price
- Double shift: simultaneous demand and supply shifts
- Elasticity:
- Measures responsiveness to changes in price
- Elastic (responsive), inelastic (unresponsive), and unit elastic
- Elasticity coefficient: measures elasticity
- Substitutes and Complements:
- Substitutes: goods that can replace each other
- Complements: goods that are consumed together
- Consumer and Producer Surplus:
- Consumer Surplus: difference between willingness to pay and market price
- Producer Surplus: difference between market price and willingness to sell
Unit 3: Cost and Revenue
- Cost:
- Fixed, variable, and total costs
- Average total cost (ATC), average variable cost (AVC), and average fixed cost (AFC)
- Marginal cost (MC)
- Revenue:
- Total revenue (TR) = price x quantity
- Marginal revenue (MR)
- Profit Maximization:
- Produce where MR = MC
- Calculate profit using ATC, AVC, and AFC
- Graphical Analysis:
- Cost curves (ATC, AVC, AFC, and MC)
- Revenue curves (TR and MR)
- Profit and loss analysis
Additional Concepts
- Government Intervention:
- Price ceilings and floors
- Taxes and subsidies
- International Trade:
- Gain from trade
- Tariffs and trade agreements### Shut Down Rule
- If the price falls below AVC, the firm should shut down to minimize losses.
- The shut down rule trumps the profit maximizing rule.
Long Run Graph
- In a long run graph, total revenue equals total cost, resulting in no economic profit.
- Firms are breaking even, but not making a positive economic profit.
- There are two types of profit: economic profit and accounting profit.
Efficiency
- Perfect competition in the long run has both productive and allocative efficiency.
- Firms produce at the lowest possible ATC, which means they are productively efficient.
- Firms produce where marginal cost equals demand, which means they are allocatively efficient or socially optimal.
Market Structures
- There are four market structures: perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly, and monopolistic competition.
- Monopoly: one firm, unique product, and high barriers to entry.
- Monopolistic competition: many firms, free entry and exit, and differentiated products.
Monopoly
- Monopoly graph: downward sloping demand curve and marginal revenue curve.
- The firm is a price maker, not a price taker.
- Elastic and inelastic ranges of the demand curve can be identified using the total revenue test.
- Profit maximizing quantity: where MR equals MC.
- Deadweight loss points to the socially optimal quantity.
Natural Monopoly
- A natural monopoly occurs when one firm can produce at a lower cost than multiple firms.
- Regulation: the government can regulate the firm to produce at the socially optimal quantity.
Oligopoly
- Oligopoly: a few firms, high barriers to entry, and strategic pricing.
- Game theory: the analysis of strategic decision making.
- Nash equilibrium: a state where no firm can improve its payoff by unilaterally changing its strategy.
Monopolistic Competition
- Monopolistic competition: many firms, free entry and exit, and differentiated products.
- Firms produce at a profit maximizing quantity, but in the long run, firms enter and the demand curve shifts downwards.
- Long run equilibrium: firms produce at the socially optimal quantity.
Resource Market
- Supply and demand in the resource market.
- Derived demand: the demand for labor depends on the demand for the product.
- Minimum wage: a binding floor that increases the wage and leads to unemployment.
- MRP and MRC: the firm hires where the marginal revenue product equals the marginal resource cost.
Monopsony
- Monopsony: a monopoly for labor.
- The firm is a price maker and sets the wage.
- The supply curve is upward sloping, and the MRC is above the supply curve.
- The firm hires where the MRP equals the MRC.
Least Cost Rule
- The firm tries to minimize its cost by choosing the right combination of labor and machines.
- The firm calculates the marginal product and the price of each resource to determine the least cost.
Market Failures
- Market failures: situations where the free market fails to produce the socially optimal quantity.
- Public goods: goods with non-rivalry and non-exclusion, which are difficult to provide in the free market.
- Externalities: additional costs or benefits to third parties.
- Negative externalities: additional costs, such as pollution.
- Positive externalities: additional benefits, such as education.
- Deadweight loss: the loss of efficiency due to market failures.
Income Inequality
- The Lorenz curve: a graph showing the distribution of income.
- The Gini coefficient: a measure of income inequality.
- Types of taxes: progressive, regressive, and proportional.
- Progressive tax: a tax where the rich pay a higher percentage of their income.
- Regressive tax: a tax where the poor pay a higher percentage of their income.
- Proportional tax: a tax where everyone pays the same percentage of their income.
Unit 1: Introduction to Microeconomics
- Scarcity occurs when unlimited wants exceed limited resources
- Opportunity Cost is the value of the next best alternative given up when making a choice
- Production Possibilities Curve (PPC) shows different combinations of producing two goods
- PPC points on the curve are efficient, inside the curve is inefficient, and outside is impossible with current resources
- Constant opportunity cost results in a straight line PPC, while increasing opportunity cost results in a concave to the origin PPC
- Comparative Advantage is when countries specialize in producing a good with a lower opportunity cost and trade with other countries to consume beyond PPC
- Terms of Trade determine how many units of one product should be traded for another
Unit 2: Demand and Supply
- Demand curve slopes downward due to the Law of Demand: higher price, lower quantity demanded
- Demand is influenced by substitution effect, income effect, and diminishing marginal utility
- Supply curve slopes upward due to the Law of Supply: higher price, higher quantity supplied
- Equilibrium is the intersection of demand and supply curves
- Shortage occurs when the price is below equilibrium, and surplus occurs when the price is above equilibrium
- Demand shifts change the quantity demanded at each price, while supply shifts change the quantity supplied at each price
- Elasticity measures responsiveness to price changes, ranging from elastic to inelastic to unit elastic
- Substitutes are goods that can replace each other, while complements are goods consumed together
- Consumer Surplus is the difference between willingness to pay and market price, while Producer Surplus is the difference between market price and willingness to sell
Unit 3: Cost and Revenue
- Costs include fixed, variable, and total costs, as well as average total cost (ATC), average variable cost (AVC), and average fixed cost (AFC)
- Marginal cost (MC) is the change in total cost when producing one more unit
- Revenue includes total revenue (TR) = price x quantity and marginal revenue (MR)
- Profit Maximization occurs when MR = MC, and profit is calculated using ATC, AVC, and AFC
- Graphical Analysis includes cost curves (ATC, AVC, AFC, and MC) and revenue curves (TR and MR), as well as profit and loss analysis
Additional Concepts
- Government Intervention includes price ceilings and floors, and taxes and subsidies
- International Trade involves gaining from trade, tariffs, and trade agreements
- Shut Down Rule: if the price falls below AVC, the firm should shut down to minimize losses
- Long Run Graph: in the long run, total revenue equals total cost, resulting in no economic profit
- Efficiency: perfect competition in the long run has both productive and allocative efficiency
- Market Structures include perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly, and monopolistic competition
- Monopoly: one firm, unique product, and high barriers to entry
- Monopolistic competition: many firms, free entry and exit, and differentiated products
- Natural Monopoly occurs when one firm can produce at a lower cost than multiple firms, and regulation involves government intervention
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Description
Understand the basics of microeconomics, including scarcity, opportunity cost, and the production possibilities curve. Learn how to analyze different combinations of producing two goods and identify efficient and inefficient points.
