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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of a microcontroller in an embedded system?
What type of architecture is used in the ATmega328P microcontroller?
What is the capacity of the program memory in the ATmega328P microcontroller?
What is the purpose of the DDRB register in the ATmega328P microcontroller?
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What is the minimum voltage required to operate the ATmega328P microcontroller?
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Which of the following is true about the generation of PWM signals on an Arduino?
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What special purpose register can be used to change the frequency of the PWM signal on pin 3?
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What will be the duty cycle on pin 3 if the analogWrite(3,78) function is used?
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What is the potential of the input A0 if X = 5 when using analogRead(A0)?
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How do you signal a change to the microcontroller when using an external voltage source for the reference voltage?
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Study Notes
PWM Signals on Arduino
- PWM signals can only be generated on pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 due to three timers/counters that provide the PWM outputs.
- The timer/counter outputs are exclusively accessible from these specific terminal pins.
Frequency Control of PWM
- The frequency of the PWM signal on pin 3 can be changed using the TCCR2B special purpose register.
- Changing the frequency of pin 3 will also affect pin 11 since both are outputs from the same timer/counter.
Duty Cycle Calculation
- For an
analogWrite(3, 78), the duty cycle on pin 3 is approximately 30%, calculated as (78 / 255) x 100.
Analog Readings and Voltages
- When
X = analogRead(A0)results in X = 5 with a reference voltage of 5V, the input potential at A0 is approximately 24mV, calculated using Voltage = (Vr x X) / (2^10). - If the potential of input A3 is 1V and the reference voltage is 1.1V,
analogRead(A3)returns around 930 based on the same formula.
External Reference Voltage
- To use an external voltage source (e.g., 3.3V) as a reference, connect it to the AREF pin and call
analogReference(EXTERNAL).
Interrupts
- Interrupt requests at terminals INT0 and INT1 are processed as internal interrupts.
- Pin 12 is not designated as an external interrupt pin.
Interrupt Statements
- For PCINT interrupts, it is possible to configure which signal level or edge triggers the interrupt.
- It is false that internal interrupts cannot be disabled from a program.
Microcontroller Basics
- A microcontroller is a type of microcomputer and can serve as the control unit in embedded systems.
- Microcontroller architecture can resemble that of a microprocessor, but not all microcontrollers are limited to 8-bit architectures.
Program and Data Memory
- Microcontrollers typically utilize Flash memory for program storage and SRAM or EEPROM for data memory.
- The ATmega328P microcontroller features Harvard architecture and RISC instruction set characteristics.
Data Capacity
- The ATmega328P has a program memory capacity of 32kB and a data memory size of 2kB.
Power Supply and Operating Frequency
- The ATmega328P can operate with a 3V power supply.
- Maximum clock frequency of the ATmega328P is influenced by the supply voltage level.
Registers in ATmega328P
- General and special purpose registers are integral components of the data memory in the ATmega328P.
Function Calls for Pin Modes
- To achieve the same result as
DDRB = 0x04, the equivalent function call ispinMode(10, OUTPUT).
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Description
Test your knowledge of microcontrollers, including their architecture, memory types, and programming. Questions cover topics such as microcontroller vs microprocessor, program memory, and data memory.
