Toxoplasma
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Questions and Answers

What is the stage of Toxoplasma when it is excreted in the feces?

  • Sporulated
  • Unsporulated (correct)
  • Oocyst
  • Sporocyst

    • How many sporozoites are found in each sporocyst?

  • 4 (correct)
  • 1
  • 8
  • 2

    • What is the site where the oocyst opens and releases sporozoites in humans or animals?

  • Duodenum (correct)
  • Ileum
  • Jejunum
  • Cecum

    • What is the name of the rapidly multiplying crescentic cells that initiate the acute stage of disease?

    <p>Tachyzoites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the sporozoites circulate and invade after passing through the gut wall?

    <p>Lymph and blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration for which sporulated oocysts can survive in soil?

    <p>Several months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phylum of Toxoplasma gondii?

    <p>Apicomplexa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mode of transmission of Toxoplasma gondii?

    <p>Through respiratory droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii?

    <p>Members of the cat family (Felidae)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of Toxoplasma gondii infection do cats acquire the infection through ingestion of oocysts?

    <p>Sexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of proteolytic enzymes in the enteric cycle of Toxoplasma gondii?

    <p>To dissolve the cyst wall, releasing the bradyzoites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the bradyzoites penetrating the epithelial cells of the small intestine?

    <p>The formation of numerous asexual generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of tissue cyst formation in the host?

    <p>Brain, liver, and muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a nonimmune mother being infected during pregnancy?

    <p>Congenital toxoplasmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of tachyzoites on host cells?

    <p>They directly destroy cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of immunosuppressed individuals (such as AIDS patients) being infected with Toxoplasma?

    <p>Retinitis or chorioretinitis, encephalitis, pneumonitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of Toxoplasma infection characterized by the formation of tissue cysts in the host?

    <p>Chronic stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a cat eating tissue cysts?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major cause of blindness and congenital defects due to prenatal toxoplasmosis?

    <p>Toxoplasma infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of infection during the first trimester of pregnancy?

    <p>Stillbirth or major CNS anomalies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is avoidance of human contact with cat feces important?

    <p>To prevent transmission of Toxoplasma to humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of periodic serologic screening for IgG and IgM antibodies to Toxoplasma?

    <p>To detect the presence of Toxoplasma antibodies in pregnant women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of freezing meat at -20°C for 48 hours or heating to 50°C for 4-6 minutes?

    <p>Provides sterilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of diagnosing Toxoplasma infection?

    <p>Ultrasonography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission of Balantidiasis?

    <p>Contaminated water or food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of proteolytic enzymes in the life cycle of Balantidium?

    <p>Helping the trophozoite to invade the wall of the colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the micronucleus in the morphology of Balantidium?

    <p>It is spherical and located next to the macronucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of colonization of trophozoites in the human host?

    <p>Large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the cyst wall of Balantidium?

    <p>It is composed of one or two layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of most infections with Balantidium coli?

    <p>Apparently harmless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of Balantidiasis infection in humans?

    <p>Infected water from areas where pigs are raised</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the micronucleus in the morphology of Balantidium?

    <p>Next to the macronucleus, often hidden by it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the peristome in the morphology of Balantidium?

    <p>It leads to the cytostome, or the mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the host's intestine do the trophozoites colonize?

    <p>Large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of proteolytic enzymes in the life cycle of Balantidium?

    <p>To facilitate the invasion of the host's intestinal wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the cyst wall of Balantidium?

    <p>It is made of one or two layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of the life cycle do trophozoites undergo encystation?

    <p>In both the large intestine and feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of transmission of Balantidiasis?

    <p>Contaminated food and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of initial infection with Balantidium in the host?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the trophozoites' invasion of the host's intestinal wall?

    <p>They multiply and colonize the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical size of the enveloped form of the Herpesvirus?

    <p>150-200 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of latent infection for HSV-1?

    <p>Trigeminal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of transmission of Herpesvirus?

    <p>Direct contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the tegument in the Herpesvirus structure?

    <p>Asymmetric and amorphous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of sporadic encephalitis in children in the United States?

    <p>HSV-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of HSV-1 infection in immunosuppressed hosts?

    <p>Frequent reactivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses can infect humans and cause severe neurologic disease?

    <p>Herpes B virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of HSV-1?

    <p>Through infected saliva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of the HSV growth cycle?

    <p>8-16 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the laboratory method used to diagnose HSV infections?

    <p>Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of HSV infections in humans?

    <p>They are widespread and usually asymptomatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of primary HSV infections in most individuals?

    <p>They are usually inapparent but result in antibody production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred method for rapid diagnostic procedures of Varicella-zoster virus?

    <p>PCR assays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of skin lesions in both herpes zoster and chickenpox?

    <p>Multinucleated giant cells with eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the rash of herpes zoster and chickenpox?

    <p>The rash of herpes zoster is restricted to one area of the skin on one side of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of spread of virus to the skin in herpes zoster?

    <p>Intraneural spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the lesions of herpes zoster?

    <p>Closely grouped vesicles on an erythematous base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effective therapy for varicella?

    <p>Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovir, and Foscarnet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cells does cytomegalovirus replicate and persist?

    <p>Epithelial cells and lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period of cytomegalovirus?

    <p>4-8 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of congenital cytomegalovirus infection?

    <p>Mental retardation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of cytomegalovirus among human herpesviruses?

    <p>Largest genetic content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of hosts are primary cytomegalovirus infections more severe?

    <p>Immunosuppressed hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of cytomegalovirus infection in newborns?

    <p>Cytomegalic inclusion disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of Human Herpesvirus 6?

    <p>Via oral secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical age of infection for Human Herpesvirus 6?

    <p>Early infancy and childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease caused by primary infection with Human Herpesvirus 6?

    <p>Roseola infantum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of persistent infection for Human Herpesvirus 7?

    <p>Salivary glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subfamily do Herpesvirus 5, 6, and 7 belong to?

    <p>Beta subfamily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Human Herpesvirus?

    <p>Acyclovir</p> Signup and view all the answers

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