The Lines of Defense
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the epidermal layer of the skin?

  • To provide a barrier against microorganisms (correct)
  • To regulate body temperature
  • To facilitate gas exchange
  • To store nutrients and energy

    • What is the name of the protein that forms a waterproof protective layer in the skin?

  • Hyaluronic acid
  • Keratin (correct)
  • Collagen
  • Elastin

    • Which of the following structures impede water loss and microbial penetration in the skin?

  • Gap junctions
  • Desmosomes
  • Adherens junctions
  • Tight junctions (correct)

    • What are the three passageways that penetrate into the body's interior and provide a route for microbes to enter?

    <p>Respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which epidermal cells are produced and replaced?

    <p>Cell division and differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major function of the dermis layer of the skin?

    <p>To provide a rich vascular supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pyrogens in the body?

    <p>To regulate the body's temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a severe fever on vital body proteins?

    <p>They are denatured (coagulated)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of mild fevers on the spleen and liver?

    <p>They remove additional iron from the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of macrophages in the immune response?

    <p>They phagocytize dead cells, cell fragments, dead bacteria, and viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of fever on the replication of disease-causing bacteria?

    <p>It reduces their replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of some interferons in the body?

    <p>Cells infected by viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can tiny breaks in the skin or in the lining of the respiratory, digestive, or urinary tracts permit to enter the body?

    <p>Potentially harmful microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by redness, swelling, and pain?

    <p>The inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are attracted to the wound site by certain chemical substances released by injured tissue?

    <p>Macrophages and neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the yellowish fluid that exudes from the wound, containing dead white blood cells, microorganisms, and cellular debris?

    <p>Pus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of macrophages and neutrophils at the wound site?

    <p>To engulf bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the heat given off by a wound, which refers to the inflammatory response?

    <p>Inflammatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the membrane-attack complex embedding in the plasma membrane of bacteria?

    <p>It creates an opening into which water flows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of some activated complement proteins in the inflammatory response?

    <p>To stimulate the dilation of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the C3b protein in the immune response?

    <p>It forms a rough coat on microorganisms to facilitate phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of certain complement proteins in the immune response?

    <p>They act as chemical attractants, drawing macrophages and neutrophils to the site of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the immune system as a third line of defense?

    <p>It is a diffuse system, spread out and indistinct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lymphocytes in the immune system?

    <p>They are part of the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the immune system?

    <p>To eliminate foreign organisms and substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can immune cells be found in the body?

    <p>In the blood, lymph, and lymphoid organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the benefits of optimal immune system function?

    <p>Reduced risk of cancer and other severe illnesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the immune system in preventing disease?

    <p>It helps to eliminate foreign substances and organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the immune system?

    <p>Regulating body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between nutrition and immune system function?

    <p>Optimal nutrition is required for optimal immune system function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which interferons regulate cancer cell growth?

    <p>By regulating the expression of genes that suppress the production of certain cellular proteins that stimulate growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using recombinant DNA technology in the production of interferons?

    <p>To mass produce proteins in the laboratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of patients who experience side effects from interferon therapy?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which the complement system is activated?

    <p>Through a chain reaction triggered by the activation of one complement protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the complement proteins in the immune system?

    <p>To complement the action of antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the chain reaction triggered by the activation of the complement system?

    <p>The destruction of foreign cells through the formation of a membrane-attack complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of high doses of interferon on liver function?

    <p>It can lead to liver failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of administering pain medications and antihistamines to patients receiving interferon therapy?

    <p>To reduce the side effects of interferon therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the complement system and antibody production?

    <p>The complement system complements the action of antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why the side effects of interferon therapy typically decrease after repeated injections?

    <p>The body becomes desensitized to the side effects of the interferon</p> Signup and view all the answers

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