Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT one of the three domains of life?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three domains of life?
Systematics is the science focused on organizing organisms based on their evolutionary history.
Systematics is the science focused on organizing organisms based on their evolutionary history.
True
What is the definition of phylogeny?
What is the definition of phylogeny?
The evolutionary history of a group of organisms.
The classification system introduced by Carolus Linnaeus primarily categorized organisms into _____ and _____ kingdoms.
The classification system introduced by Carolus Linnaeus primarily categorized organisms into _____ and _____ kingdoms.
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Match the scientist with their contribution to classification:
Match the scientist with their contribution to classification:
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What is the primary purpose of taxonomy?
What is the primary purpose of taxonomy?
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Which term refers to microorganisms that colonize a host without causing disease?
Which term refers to microorganisms that colonize a host without causing disease?
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Microbial phylogeny considers only eukaryotic organisms in its classification.
Microbial phylogeny considers only eukaryotic organisms in its classification.
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What type of material or strain is referred to as 'type material' in taxonomy?
What type of material or strain is referred to as 'type material' in taxonomy?
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Archaea are known to form peptidoglycan cell walls.
Archaea are known to form peptidoglycan cell walls.
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What is the scientific study of prokaryotes called?
What is the scientific study of prokaryotes called?
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The study of all an organism's genes is known as _____ .
The study of all an organism's genes is known as _____ .
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Match the following types of microorganisms with their characteristics:
Match the following types of microorganisms with their characteristics:
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Which of the following factors can influence whether a microbe colonizes the body?
Which of the following factors can influence whether a microbe colonizes the body?
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Microbial genetics deals with the processes of DNA and protein synthesis in bacteria only.
Microbial genetics deals with the processes of DNA and protein synthesis in bacteria only.
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What is the primary method by which bacteria reproduce?
What is the primary method by which bacteria reproduce?
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What does the endosymbiotic theory propose about eukaryotic cells?
What does the endosymbiotic theory propose about eukaryotic cells?
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Prokaryotic cells have a true nucleus.
Prokaryotic cells have a true nucleus.
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What are the two eukaryotic organelles mentioned in the context of endosymbiotic theory?
What are the two eukaryotic organelles mentioned in the context of endosymbiotic theory?
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The process through which organisms are grouped based on common ancestry is called __________.
The process through which organisms are grouped based on common ancestry is called __________.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What is a molecular clock used for in phylogenetic studies?
What is a molecular clock used for in phylogenetic studies?
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What is the significance of using genomes in systematic classification?
What is the significance of using genomes in systematic classification?
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Structures of microorganisms are readily fossilized, providing ample evidence for their evolution.
Structures of microorganisms are readily fossilized, providing ample evidence for their evolution.
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Study Notes
Introduction to Microbiology
- Microbiology is the study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye.
- These organisms, often requiring a microscope, have both positive and negative impacts on humans. Some are essential for human health.
- Microbiologists study living organisms and infectious particles, which are only visible under a microscope.
Microbial Diversity and Impact
- Bacteria: Meningitis, Sinusitis, Pneumonia
- Viruses: HIV/AIDS, Flu, Ebola fever
- Fungi: Ringworm, Candidiasis, Yeast infection
- Protozoa: Malaria, Cryptosporidiosis
Food and Chemicals
- Beneficial Bacteria: Used in Cheese, Yogurt, Bread, and fermentation processes for food supplies and beverages.
- Chemicals: Ethanol, Acetone, Butanol, Insulin, Antibiotics, Vitamins, Organic acids, Enzymes, Alcohols, Drugs.
- Disease treatment: chemicals used in treating diseases
- Decompose organic waste: Bacteria break down waste and incorporate nitrogen into organic compounds.
Microbiology Careers
- Job titles: Biosafety officer, Professor
- Microbial genetics: Role in the field of microbiology.
- Food microbes: The role in food production
- Microbial philosophy and biochemistry: Studying the philosophical and biochemical aspects of microbes.
- Taxonomy: The classification of microorganisms.
- Clinical research: The role in clinical procedures
- Medical micro: Role in agricultural microbiology and teaching research.
- Agricultural microbiology: The study of microbes in agriculture.
The Microbial World and You
- Microorganism: A living organism too small to be seen with the naked eye, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microscopic algae and also viruses.
- Microbial communities: Microorganisms in a specific environment.
- Normal microbiota: The microorganisms that colonize a host without causing disease; also called normal flora.
- Bacteriology: The scientific study of prokaryotes, including bacteria and archaea.
- Mycology: The scientific study of fungi.
- Parasitology: The scientific study of parasitic protozoa and worms.
- Virology: The scientific study of viruses.
- Microbial genetics: The study of the mechanism by which microorganisms inherit traits.
- Molecular biology: The science of dealing with DNA and protein synthesis of living organisms.
- Genomics: The study of all an organism's genes.
- Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology: Manufacturing and manipulating genetic material in vitro; also called genetic engineering.
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- Bacteria: Peptidoglycan cell walls, unicellular, several shapes, reproduce by binary fission, use organic/inorganic chemicals/photosynthesis for energy, and contain flagella. Nutrition includes: organic chemicals (dead/living organisms), photosynthesis, and inorganic substances.
- Archea: Lack peptidoglycan in cell walls, extreme environments (methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles), include several shapes and unicellular structures. Include: Methanogens, extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles.
- Eukaryotes (Fungi): Unicellular (yeast) or multicellular (molds, mushrooms), cellulose cell walls for algae. Obtain/ingest nutrients through cell absorbtion.
- Eukaryotes (Algae): Unicellular, multicellular, contain cellulose cell walls, autotrophic (photosynthesis), reproduce sexually and asexually.
- Eukaryotes (Protozoa): Unicellular, no cell walls, most are motile and primarily obtain food through absorption or predation.
- Viruses: Acellular, must use host machinery for replication, DNA or RNA,protein coat
- Fungi: Unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (molds), obtain nutrients via absorption, reproduce using spores.
Microbial Growth
- Microbial growth: An increase in the number of microbial cells, not in size.
- Physical Requirements: Temperature (optimum, minimum, maximum), pH, osmotic pressure.
- Chemical Requirements: Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus, Trace elements, Oxygen, Organic growth factors.
- Growth phases: Lag Phase, Log Phase, Stationary Phase, Death Phase.
- Measuring microbial growth: Plate counts, filtration, direct microscopic counts, most probable number (MPN), turbidity, metabolic activity, dry weight.
Microbial Growth Control
- Sterilization: Removal of all microorganisms, including endospores. Different methods are used, for example, heat sterilization.
- Disinfection: Treatment/removal of pathogens from inanimate objects.
- Degerming: Reduced microbial populations to safe levels for e.g., skin surfaces.
- Sanitization: Reducing microbial counts on inanimate objects.
- Biocide/germicide/fungicide/bacteriostasis: Chemical agents that kill microorganisms.
- Sepsis: The presence of toxins or pathogens in the blood and tissues.
- Aseptic techniques: Methods to prevent contamination, especially in surgical procedures.
Actions of Microbial Growth Control Agents
- Mechanism of microbial death: agents disrupt cell function
- Heat: moist heat (boiling, autoclaving), dry heat.
- Filtration: remove microbes greater than 0.45µm
- Low temperature: reduces microbial growth
- High pressure: denatures proteins - disrupts cell structure
- Desiccation: removal of water - prevents metabolism
- Osmotic pressure: alters cells' water content
- Radiation: damages DNA
- Chemical methods: Phenol and phenolics, Halogens, Alcohols, Heavy metals, Surfactants, Aldehydes, Gaseous sterilants.
Antimicrobial Drugs
- Antimicrobial drugs: Drugs that interfere with microbial growth.
- Selective toxicity: Drugs are toxic to microbes but not mammalian cells; commonly against cell wall or protein synthesis.
- Antibiotic spectrum: the range and types of organisms effective against.
- Mechanisms of resistance: mutations change target sites, or enzymes degrade antibiotics, efflux pumps remove antibiotics.
- Testing methods: Disc diffusion (Kirby-Bauer test), broth dilution test, E-test
Classification of Organisms
- Taxonomy: The science of classifying organisms.
- Nomenclature: Rules for naming organisms.
- Binomial nomenclature: Two names (genus and specific epithet) for each organism.
- Taxonomic hierarchy: classification system (domain, kingdom, phylum etc.).
- Phylogenetic relationships: Evolutionary relationships between organisms.
Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
- Viruses: Inert outside host, depend on host for replication, have DNA or RNA,protein coat; cannot replicate outside living host.
- Viroids: Infectious RNA molecules, no protein coat.
- Prions: Infectious proteins causing disease and neurodegeneration.
Study of Disease and Epidemiology
- Pathogen: Disease causing organism
- Pathology: Study of disease
- Etiology: Study of the cause of disease
- Infection: Growth or spread of pathogens within the body
- Disease: Abnormal condition or disorder of structure or function of the body (cause changes in health).
- Normal Microbiota: microorganisms residing in the body that don't cause disease unless host immunity is compromised.
- Transient Microbiota: microorganisms that aren't established inhabitants of the body and only colonize under specific conditions.
- Infection types: Local, Focal, Systemic. Infections, bacteremia, toxemia, viremia, acute, chronic.
- Koch's Postulates: Criteria for establishing a causal relationship between a microorganism and a disease.
- Types of infectious diseases: Sporadic, Endemic, Epidemic, Pandemic
- Severity: Acute, Chronic, Subacute, Latent
- Immunity of the population, rate of spread - determined by immune response. Vaccination.
- Epidemiology: Study of geographic and temporal distribution of disease to identify factors contributing to disease and ways to prevent spread.
Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, and Protozoa
- Fungi: obtain nutrients through absorption, reproduce using spores, have cell walls consisting of chitin,
- Algae: photosynthetic, reproduce asexually or sexually, use light & CO2 for energy. Have cell walls.
- Protozoa: unicellular, motile, obtain nutrients through absorption or ingestion, reproduce asexually.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the classification of life forms, the domains of life, and the contributions of key scientists in the field of taxonomy. This quiz will explore concepts such as phylogeny, microbial genetics, and the types of microorganisms. Challenge yourself with questions about the fundamental aspects of biological classification and the study of prokaryotes.
