Microbiology Quiz - Types and Characteristics
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of microorganism?

  • Plants (correct)
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Bacteria

    • All microorganisms are unicellular.

    False (B)

    What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

    Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus.

    The study of microorganisms is called ______.

    <p>microbiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following microorganisms with their characteristic cell wall component:

    <p>Bacteria = Peptidoglycan Fungi = Chitin Viruses = Protein coat Parasites (Helminths) = Various, depending on the species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these microorganisms is NOT considered a living organism?

    <p>Viruses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microorganisms can be beneficial to human health.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides causing diseases, what are some benefits of microorganisms?

    <p>Microorganisms are essential in oxygen production, decomposition, nutrient provision for plants, and maintaining various ecosystems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Golgi apparatus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protozoa are multicellular organisms that obtain nourishment through photosynthesis.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference in the organization of DNA between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Eukaryotic cells have paired chromosomes while prokaryotic cells have a single circular chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Algae, also known as ______ or blue-green algae, are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes that obtain their nutrition through photosynthesis.

    <p>cyanobacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following domains of life with their corresponding characteristics:

    <p>Bacteria = Prokaryotic, single-celled organisms Archaea = Prokaryotic, single-celled organisms, often found in extreme environments Eukarya = Eukaryotic, can be single-celled or multicellular organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT present in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Membrane-bound organelles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prokaryotes reproduce only through sexual reproduction.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the cell wall in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is a network of protein fibers that helps maintain cell shape, support, and movement in eukaryotic cells.

    <p>cytoskeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cell types with their characteristic structures:

    <p>Prokaryotic cells = Peptidoglycan cell wall, no membrane-bound organelles Eukaryotic cells = Cellulose cell walls, membrane-bound organelles Animal cells = No cell wall, membrane-bound organelles Fungal cells = Chitin cell walls, membrane-bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these characteristics is NOT true for prokaryotic cells?

    <p>They have a nucleus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eukaryotic cells are always smaller than prokaryotic cells.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for the process by which prokaryotic cells divide?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria are classified as ______ because they lack a nucleus.

    <p>prokaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the bacterial shape with its corresponding description:

    <p>Cocci = Rod-shaped Bacilli = Spherical or oval-shaped Spirilla = Rigid spiral form Vibrios = Comma-shaped Spirochetes = Flexible spiral form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a common arrangement of bacteria?

    <p>Tetra- (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All bacteria are heterotrophs and rely on consuming other organisms for energy.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the chemical component that makes up the cell wall of bacteria?

    <p>Peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria is responsible for causing diphtheria?

    <p>Corynebacterium diphtheria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Streptococcus pneumoniae is a gram-negative bacteria.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bacteria that causes gonorrhea?

    <p>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bacteria responsible for causing rat-bite fever is called ______.

    <p>Streptobacillus moniliformis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bacteria with their corresponding diseases:

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus = Skin infections, food poisoning Streptococcus pyogenes = Strep throat, scarlet fever Neisseria gonorrhoeae = Gonorrhea Corynebacterium diphtheria = Diphtheria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these bacteria is commonly found in the mouth, intestine, and vagina?

    <p>Lactobacillus acidophilus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Escherichia coli is a gram-negative bacteria.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria is most likely to appear in chains?

    <p>Streptococci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Microbiology

    • Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, tiny living organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.
    • Microorganisms can be single-celled (unicellular) or multicellular, even relatively complex, organisms.
    • Microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and multicellular animal parasites (helminths).
    • Microorganisms play diverse roles, some are beneficial, such as producing oxygen and decomposing organic matter. Others can cause diseases in plants and humans.

    Types of Microorganisms

    • Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic organisms lacking a nucleus.
    • Fungi: Eukaryotic organisms (with a true nucleus). Most fungi are multicellular. Their cell walls are composed of chitin.
    • Viruses: Non-cellular entities consisting of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. They are not considered living organisms.
    • Parasites: Eukaryotic organisms, like flatworms and roundworms (helminths). Although not microorganisms by strict definition (they are large enough to be seen with the naked eye), their life cycle often involves microscopic stages.
    • Protozoa: Unicellular, aerobic eukaryotes with nuclei and complex organelles. They obtain nutrition by absorption or ingestion.
    • Algae (cyanobacteria/blue-green algae): Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes obtaining nutrients through photosynthesis. They produce oxygen and carbohydrates vital for many ecosystems.

    3 Domains of Life

    • Organisms are classified into three domains: Bacteria (prokaryotes), Archaea (prokaryotes), and Eukarya (eukaryotes).

    Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

    • Prokaryotes: Always single-celled, lack a membrane-bound nucleus.
    • Eukaryotes: Can be single-celled or multicellular, have a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles.

    Characteristics Shared by Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

    • Surrounded by a plasma membrane that regulates what enters and exits the cell.
    • "Filled" with cytoplasm.
    • Contain ribosomes needed for protein synthesis.
    • Contain DNA to control cellular activities.

    Differences Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

    • Nucleus: Prokaryotes lack a nucleus – their DNA is in a region called the nucleoid. Eukaryotes have a nucleus, containing their DNA.
    • DNA: Prokaryotes typically have a single, circular chromosome. Eukaryotes have multiple, linear chromosomes.
    • Organelles: Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotes have many membrane-bound organelles (e.g., mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus).
    • Cytoskeleton: Eukaryotes have a cytoskeleton for structural support and movement. Prokaryotes generally lack this.
    • Cell Wall: In some prokaryotes (bacteria), the cell wall contains peptidoglycan. Plant and fungi cells have cell walls, but their structure is different than bacterial cell walls.
    • Cell Division: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. Eukaryotes use mitosis or meiosis.
    • Reproduction: Prokaryotic reproduction is asexual. Eukaryotic reproduction can be asexual or sexual.

    Bacteria: Classification of Bacteria

    • Shape: Bacilli (rod-shaped), cocci (spherical), spirilla (spiral), vibrios (curved).
    • Cell Wall: Gram-positive or Gram-negative (distinguishable by Gram staining).
    • Energy Acquisition: Autotrophs (produce their own food), or heterotrophs (obtain food from other organisms). Autotrophs using sunlight are photoautotrophs, those using other chemical reactions are chemoautotrophs. Heterotrophs using decaying matter are saprophytes.
    • Oxygen Response: Aerobes (require oxygen), anaerobes (cannot tolerate oxygen), facultative anaerobes (can use oxygen or grow without it), aerotolerant anaerobes (can tolerate oxygen but don't use it for growth).
    • Microaerophilic bacteria need reduced levels of atmospheric oxygen for optimal growth.

    Common Bacteria Shapes and Arrangements

    • Cocci (spherical): Diplococci (pairs), Streptococci (chains), Tetrads (groups of four), Sarcinae (groups of eight), Staphylococci (clusters).
    • Bacilli (rod-shaped): Coccobacilli (short rod shape), Diplobacilli (pairs), Streptobacilli (chains), Palisades (side by side in a row).
    • Spiral (spiral shaped): Vibrios (comma shaped), Spirilla (rigid spirals), Spirochetes (flexible spirals).

    Additional Concepts

    • Size of Bacteria: Prokaryotes are typically much smaller than eukaryotes. Their small size allows rapid nutrient uptake.
    • Gram-positive bacteria: Bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain during the Gram staining process
    • Gram-negative bacteria: Bacteria that lose the crystal violet stain during the Gram staining process.

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